Difference between revisions of "Gastrointestinal tract polyps"

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==Sessile serrated adenoma==
==Sessile serrated adenoma==
*Often abbreviated ''SSA''.
{{Main|Sessile serrated adenoma}}
*[[AKA]] ''sessile serrated polyp'', abbreviated ''SSP''.
*[[AKA]] ''sessile serrated lesion''.
*[[AKA]] ''sessile serrated adenoma/polyp'', abbreviated ''SSA/P''.
 
===General===
*Colonic lesion.
*May be seen in the context of ''[[serrated polyposis syndrome]]''.
 
Epidemiology:
*Thought to lead to colorectal cancer through a different pathway that most tumours in the left colon/rectum.
*''Microvesicular [[hyperplastic polyp]]s'' are hypothesized to be the the precursor of SSAs.<ref name=pmid21045813>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Huang | first1 = CS. | last2 = Farraye | first2 = FA. | last3 = Yang | first3 = S. | last4 = O'Brien | first4 = MJ. | title = The clinical significance of serrated polyps. | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 229-40; quiz 241 | month = Feb | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2010.429 | PMID = 21045813 }}</ref>
 
===Gross===
Features:<ref name=pmid22710576/>
*Flat lesions, usually > 5 mm.
*Typically have a "mucous cap" - present ~65% of the time; useful for identification.
*Border not well-demarcated.
*More common in the proximal colon.
 
Note:
*Sessile lesions over 1 cm are usually SSAs.<ref name=pmid22710576/>
 
Image:
*[http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v105/n12/fig_tab/ajg2010330f1.html SSA - endoscopy (nature.com)].<ref name=pmid21131934>{{cite journal |author=Rex DK, Hewett DG, Snover DC |title=Editorial: Detection targets for colonoscopy: from variable detection to validation |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=2665–9 |year=2010 |month=December |pmid=21131934 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.330 |url=}}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Serrated epithelium at the surface and deep in the crypts.
**Saw-tooth appearance, epithelium has jagged appearing edge.
*Crypt dilation at base with serrations - '''key feature'''.
**Very common -- anecdotally the most sensitive feature.
*"Boot"-shape or "L"-shaped glands.
**Shape may be similar to a hockey stick.
*Horizontal crypts = crypt long axis parallel to the muscularis mucosae.
*Crypt branching.
 
Minimal extent criteria - number of abnormal crypts with the above features:
*''German Society of Pathology'' proposal: at least two abnormal crypts -- crypts do not have to be adjacent.<ref name=pmid23052370>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ensari | first1 = A. | last2 = Bilezikçi | first2 = B. | last3 = Carneiro | first3 = F. | last4 = Doğusoy | first4 = GB. | last5 = Driessen | first5 = A. | last6 = Dursun | first6 = A. | last7 = Flejou | first7 = JF. | last8 = Geboes | first8 = K. | last9 = de Hertogh | first9 = G. | title = Serrated polyps of the colon: how reproducible is their classification? | journal = Virchows Arch | volume = 461 | issue = 5 | pages = 495-504 | month = Nov | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1007/s00428-012-1319-7 | PMID = 23052370 }}</ref><ref name=pmid20617338>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Aust | first1 = DE. | last2 = Baretton | first2 = GB. | title = Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum (hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps)-proposal for diagnostic criteria. | journal = Virchows Arch | volume = 457 | issue = 3 | pages = 291-7 | month = Sep | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s00428-010-0945-1 | PMID = 20617338 }}</ref>
**[[Onlinepathology]] prefers this definition.
*An expert panel lead by ''Rex'' states that one unequivocally altered crypt should prompt calling SSA.<ref name=pmid22710576>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rex | first1 = DK. | last2 = Ahnen | first2 = DJ. | last3 = Baron | first3 = JA. | last4 = Batts | first4 = KP. | last5 = Burke | first5 = CA. | last6 = Burt | first6 = RW. | last7 = Goldblum | first7 = JR. | last8 = Guillem | first8 = JG. | last9 = Kahi | first9 = CJ. | title = Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 107 | issue = 9 | pages = 1315-29; quiz 1314, 1330 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2012.161 | PMID = 22710576 }}</ref>
*The WHO requires - depending on what you read:
**Three adjacent crypts to be abnormal.<ref>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/gitumors/sessile-serrated-polyp-adenoma/ http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/gitumors/sessile-serrated-polyp-adenoma/]. Accessed on: 26 September 2012.</ref>
**Two or three adjacent crypts to be abnormal.<ref name=pmid23052370/>
 
Notes:
*Typically do not have nuclear atypia, i.e. no nuclear crowding, no nuclear hyperchromasia, no cigar-shaped nuclei.
**SSAs with nuclear atypia may be referred to as ''advanced sessile serrated adenomas''.
 
DDx:
*[[Hyperplastic polyp]].
*[[Tubular adenoma of the gastrointestinal tract|Tubular adenoma]] - for ''SSA with dysplasia'', TAs often less than 1 cm (uncommon for SSAs).
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma.jpg | SSA - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma2.jpg | SSA - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma3.jpg | SSA - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma_3_low_mag.jpg | SSA - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma_3_intermed_mag.jpg | SSA - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma_3_very_high_mag.jpg | SSA - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
COLONIC POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
- SESSILE SERRATED ADENOMA.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
</pre>
 
<pre>
COLONIC POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
- SESSILE SERRATED ADENOMA WITH DYSPLASIA.
</pre>
 
Note:
*The above exactly mirrors the Canadian consensus.<ref name=driman>{{cite journal | last1 = Driman | first1 = DK. | last2 = Marcus | first2 = VA. | last3 = Hilsden | first3 = RJ | last4 = Owen | first4 = DA |title=Pathologic reporting of colorectal polyps: pan-Canadian consensus guidelines |journal=Canadian Journal of Pathology |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=81-90 |year=2012 |month= |pmid= |doi= |url= }}</ref>


=Malignant polyps=
=Malignant polyps=
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