Difference between revisions of "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma"

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{{ Infobox diagnosis
{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Lymphoepithelioma_met_to_LN_6.jpg
| Image      = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - alt -- high mag.jpg
| Width      =
| Width      =
| Caption    = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. [[H&E stain]].
| Caption    = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms  =
| Synonyms  = nasopharyngeal-type undifferentiated carcinoma, non-keratining nasopharyngeal carcinoma undifferentiated type
| Micro      = Cohesive typical (squamoid) cells (abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nuclei +/- small/indistinct nucleoli), prominent lymphoid component
| Micro      = Cohesive typical (squamoid) cells (abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nuclei +/- small/indistinct nucleoli), prominent lymphoid component
| Subtypes  = keratinizing SCC; nonkeratinizing carcinoma, differentiated; nonkeratinizing carcinoma, undifferentiated; basaloid SCC  
| Subtypes  = keratinizing SCC; nonkeratinizing carcinoma, differentiated; nonkeratinizing carcinoma, undifferentiated; basaloid SCC  
| LMDDx      = [[HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]]
| LMDDx      = [[HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]], [[sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]] (SNUC)
| Stains    =
| Stains    =
| IHC        = EBER +ve, p16 -ve
| IHC        = p16 -ve, LMP-1 -ve/+ve
| EM        =
| EM        =
| Molecular  =
| Molecular  = [[EBER]] +ve
| IF        =
| IF        =
| Gross      =
| Gross      =
| Grossing  =
| Grossing  =
| Site      = [[head and neck pathology|head and neck]]
| Site      = nasopharynx - see ''[[head and neck pathology|head and neck]]''
| Assdx      =
| Assdx      =
| Syndromes  =
| Syndromes  =
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*"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma" is the name of an entity - it is not a descriptive term.
*"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma" is the name of an entity - it is not a descriptive term.
*Strong association with [[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV).
*Strong association with [[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV).
*Moderate risk incease for [[smokers]].<ref name=pmid23785114>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Xue | first1 = WQ. | last2 = Qin | first2 = HD. | last3 = Ruan | first3 = HL. | last4 = Shugart | first4 = YY. | last5 = Jia | first5 = WH. | title = Quantitative association of tobacco smoking with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a comprehensive meta-analysis of studies conducted between 1979 and 2011. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 178 | issue = 3 | pages = 325-38 | month = Aug | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kws479 | PMID = 23785114 }}</ref>
*Moderate risk increase for [[smokers]].<ref name=pmid23785114>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Xue | first1 = WQ. | last2 = Qin | first2 = HD. | last3 = Ruan | first3 = HL. | last4 = Shugart | first4 = YY. | last5 = Jia | first5 = WH. | title = Quantitative association of tobacco smoking with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a comprehensive meta-analysis of studies conducted between 1979 and 2011. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 178 | issue = 3 | pages = 325-38 | month = Aug | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kws479 | PMID = 23785114 }}</ref>
*Uncommon in the Western World<ref name=pmid23337060>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Colaco | first1 = RJ. | last2 = Betts | first2 = G. | last3 = Donne | first3 = A. | last4 = Swindell | first4 = R. | last5 = Yap | first5 = BK. | last6 = Sykes | first6 = AJ. | last7 = Slevin | first7 = NJ. | last8 = Homer | first8 = JJ. | last9 = Lee | first9 = LW. | title = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective review of demographics, treatment and patient outcome in a single centre. | journal = Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 171-7 | month = Mar | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.clon.2012.10.006 | PMID = 23337060 }}</ref>
*Uncommon in the Western World<ref name=pmid23337060>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Colaco | first1 = RJ. | last2 = Betts | first2 = G. | last3 = Donne | first3 = A. | last4 = Swindell | first4 = R. | last5 = Yap | first5 = BK. | last6 = Sykes | first6 = AJ. | last7 = Slevin | first7 = NJ. | last8 = Homer | first8 = JJ. | last9 = Lee | first9 = LW. | title = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective review of demographics, treatment and patient outcome in a single centre. | journal = Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 171-7 | month = Mar | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.clon.2012.10.006 | PMID = 23337060 }}</ref> - endemic in the East.


Clinical:
Clinical:
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==Gross==
==Gross==
*Nasopharynx - as the name would suggest.
*Nasopharynx - as the name would suggest.
**Nasal cavity involvement - common in early disease.<ref name=pmid22194474 >{{Cite journal  | last1 = Abdel Khalek Abdel Razek | first1 = A. | last2 = King | first2 = A. | title = MRI and CT of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. | journal = AJR Am J Roentgenol | volume = 198 | issue = 1 | pages = 11-8 | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi = 10.2214/AJR.11.6954 | PMID = 22194474 }}</ref>


==Microscopic==
==Microscopic==
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***Abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasm.
***Abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasm.
***Central nuclei +/- small/indistinct nucleoli.
***Central nuclei +/- small/indistinct nucleoli.
Note:
*May be keratinizing or nonkeratinizing<ref name=pmid10594290>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wenig | first1 = BM. | title = Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. | journal = Ann Diagn Pathol | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 374-85 | month = Dec | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1053/ADPA00300374 | PMID = 10594290 }}</ref> and the distinction is important - see classification below.


DDx:
DDx:
*[[HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]].
*[[HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]].
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]].
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]].
*[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]] (SNUC).


===Images===
===Images===
====Case 1====
<gallery>
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma -- extremely low mag.jpg | NPC - very low mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma -- very low mag.jpg | NPC - very low mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma -- low mag.jpg | NPC - low mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma -- intermed mag.jpg | NPC - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma -- high mag.jpg | NPC - high mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - alt -- high mag.jpg | NPC - high mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma -- very high mag.jpg | NPC - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
====Case 2====
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Lymphoepithelioma_met_to_LN_6.jpg | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - in a LN - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Lymphoepithelioma_met_to_LN_6.jpg | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - in a LN - intermed. mag. (WC)
</gallery>
</gallery>
www:
====www====
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lymphoepithelioma_met_to_LN_4.jpg Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - in a LN - low mag. (WP)].
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lymphoepithelioma_met_to_LN_4.jpg Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - in a LN - low mag. (WP)].
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lymphoepithelioma_met_to_LN_2.jpg Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - in a LN - high mag. (WP)].
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lymphoepithelioma_met_to_LN_2.jpg Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - in a LN - high mag. (WP)].
Line 110: Line 127:


==IHC==
==IHC==
*EBER +ve.
*p16 -ve.<ref name=pmid9546345>{{cite journal |author=Gulley ML, Nicholls JM, Schneider BG, Amin MB, Ro JY, Geradts J |title=Nasopharyngeal carcinomas frequently lack the p16/MTS1 tumor suppressor protein but consistently express the retinoblastoma gene product |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=865–9 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9546345 |pmc=1858242 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*p16 -ve.<ref name=pmid9546345>{{cite journal |author=Gulley ML, Nicholls JM, Schneider BG, Amin MB, Ro JY, Geradts J |title=Nasopharyngeal carcinomas frequently lack the p16/MTS1 tumor suppressor protein but consistently express the retinoblastoma gene product |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=865–9 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9546345 |pmc=1858242 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*LMP-1 (EBV-LMP) +ve/-ve.
**''Not'' [[Sensitivity|sensitive]]; only positive in 40-45% of cases in a series of 30 cases.<ref name=pmid11913680>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Plaza | first1 = G. | last2 = Manzanal | first2 = AI. | last3 = Fogué | first3 = L. | last4 = Santón | first4 = A. | last5 = Martínez-Montero | first5 = JC. | last6 = Bellas | first6 = C. | title = Association of Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Caucasian patients. | journal = Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | volume = 111 | issue = 3 Pt 1 | pages = 210-6 | month = Mar | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1177/000348940211100304 | PMID = 11913680 }}</ref>


Notes:
Notes:
*[[HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]]s are p16 +ve.<ref name=pmid21484924>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Singhi | first1 = AD. | last2 = Califano | first2 = J. | last3 = Westra | first3 = WH. | title = High-risk human papillomavirus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. | journal = Head Neck | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 213-8 | month = Feb | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/hed.21714 | PMID = 21484924 }}</ref>
*[[HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]]s are p16 +ve.<ref name=pmid21484924>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Singhi | first1 = AD. | last2 = Califano | first2 = J. | last3 = Westra | first3 = WH. | title = High-risk human papillomavirus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. | journal = Head Neck | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 213-8 | month = Feb | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/hed.21714 | PMID = 21484924 }}</ref>
==Molecular==
*[[EBER]] +ve.<ref name=pmid11913680/>
===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - EBER -- very low mag.jpg | NPC - EBER - very low mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - EBER -- low mag.jpg | NPC - EBER - low mag. (WC)
Image: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - EBER -- high mag.jpg | NPC - EBER - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 17:10, 4 October 2021

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Diagnosis in short

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. H&E stain.
Synonyms nasopharyngeal-type undifferentiated carcinoma, non-keratining nasopharyngeal carcinoma undifferentiated type
LM Cohesive typical (squamoid) cells (abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nuclei +/- small/indistinct nucleoli), prominent lymphoid component
Subtypes keratinizing SCC; nonkeratinizing carcinoma, differentiated; nonkeratinizing carcinoma, undifferentiated; basaloid SCC
LM DDx HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC)
IHC p16 -ve, LMP-1 -ve/+ve
Molecular EBER +ve
Site nasopharynx - see head and neck
Signs neck mass
Prevalence uncommon in West

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, abbreviated NPC, is malignant epithelial tumour of the head and neck closely related to squamous cell carcinoma.

General

  • "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma" is the name of an entity - it is not a descriptive term.
  • Strong association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
  • Moderate risk increase for smokers.[1]
  • Uncommon in the Western World[2] - endemic in the East.

Clinical:

  • Neck mass - most common presentation.[2]

Note:

Gross

  • Nasopharynx - as the name would suggest.
    • Nasal cavity involvement - common in early disease.[3]

Microscopic

Features:[4]

  • Prominent lymphoid component - key feature.
  • Features of squamous cell carcinoma:
    • Cohesive cells with:
      • Abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasm.
      • Central nuclei +/- small/indistinct nucleoli.

Note:

  • May be keratinizing or nonkeratinizing[5] and the distinction is important - see classification below.

DDx:

Images

Case 1

  • NPC - very low mag. (WC)

  • NPC - very low mag. (WC)

  • NPC - low mag. (WC)

  • NPC - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • NPC - high mag. (WC)

  • NPC - high mag. (WC)

  • NPC - very high mag. (WC)

Case 2

  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - in a LN - intermed. mag. (WC)

www

Histologic subclassification

World Health Classification (2005) for NPC:[6]

Type Histology Description EBV Prevalence Prognosis
1 keratinizing SCC graded poorly-well-diff. -ve ? bad
2a nonkeratinizing carcinoma, differentiated well def. cell borders & tumour nest borders, mimics appearance of UCC +ve ? good
2b nonkeratinizing carcinoma, undifferentiated sheets/syncytial, vescicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, pink cytoplasm ? most common ?
3 basaloid SCC mimics BCC - see basaloid SCC ? least common ?

How to remember KNUB:

  • Keratinizing, Non-keratinizing diff., non-keratinizing Undiff., Basaloid SCC.

IHC

  • p16 -ve.[7]
  • LMP-1 (EBV-LMP) +ve/-ve.
    • Not sensitive; only positive in 40-45% of cases in a series of 30 cases.[8]

Notes:

Molecular

Images

  • NPC - EBER - very low mag. (WC)

  • NPC - EBER - low mag. (WC)

  • NPC - EBER - high mag. (WC)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Xue, WQ.; Qin, HD.; Ruan, HL.; Shugart, YY.; Jia, WH. (Aug 2013). "Quantitative association of tobacco smoking with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a comprehensive meta-analysis of studies conducted between 1979 and 2011.". Am J Epidemiol 178 (3): 325-38. doi:10.1093/aje/kws479. PMID 23785114.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Colaco, RJ.; Betts, G.; Donne, A.; Swindell, R.; Yap, BK.; Sykes, AJ.; Slevin, NJ.; Homer, JJ. et al. (Mar 2013). "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective review of demographics, treatment and patient outcome in a single centre.". Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 25 (3): 171-7. doi:10.1016/j.clon.2012.10.006. PMID 23337060.
  3. ↑ Abdel Khalek Abdel Razek, A.; King, A. (Jan 2012). "MRI and CT of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.". AJR Am J Roentgenol 198 (1): 11-8. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.6954. PMID 22194474.
  4. ↑ Klatt, Edward C. (2006). Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 145. ISBN 978-1416002741.
  5. ↑ Wenig, BM. (Dec 1999). "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.". Ann Diagn Pathol 3 (6): 374-85. doi:10.1053/ADPA00300374. PMID 10594290.
  6. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 39. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  7. ↑ Gulley ML, Nicholls JM, Schneider BG, Amin MB, Ro JY, Geradts J (April 1998). "Nasopharyngeal carcinomas frequently lack the p16/MTS1 tumor suppressor protein but consistently express the retinoblastoma gene product". Am. J. Pathol. 152 (4): 865–9. PMC 1858242. PMID 9546345. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858242/.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Plaza, G.; Manzanal, AI.; Fogué, L.; Santón, A.; Martínez-Montero, JC.; Bellas, C. (Mar 2002). "Association of Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Caucasian patients.". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 111 (3 Pt 1): 210-6. doi:10.1177/000348940211100304. PMID 11913680.
  9. ↑ Singhi, AD.; Califano, J.; Westra, WH. (Feb 2012). "High-risk human papillomavirus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.". Head Neck 34 (2): 213-8. doi:10.1002/hed.21714. PMID 21484924.
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