Difference between revisions of "Soft tissue lesions"

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==Morphohistologic patterns==
==Morphohistologic patterns==
{{Main|Basics#Morphologic_patterns}}
{{Main|Morphologic patterns}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
! Name
! Name
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| [[Image:Malignant_peripheral_nerve_sheath_tumour_-_intermed_mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px |Herring bone. (WC)]]  
| [[Image:Malignant_peripheral_nerve_sheath_tumour_-_intermed_mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px |Herring bone. (WC)]]  
|-
|-
| Fasicular
| Fascicular
| the long axis of the (spindle) cells are perpendicular to one another in adjacent bundles of cells
| the long axis of the (spindle) cells are perpendicular to one another in adjacent bundles of cells
| [[leiomyoma]], [[leiomyosarcoma]]
| [[leiomyoma]], [[leiomyosarcoma]]
| [[Image:Cutaneous_leiomyosarcoma_-_high_mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Fasicular pattern. (WC)]]
| [[Image:Cutaneous_leiomyosarcoma_-_high_mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Fascicular pattern. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Biphasic
| Biphasic
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*[[epithelioid sarcoma|'''E'''pitheliod sarcoma]].
*[[epithelioid sarcoma|'''E'''pitheliod sarcoma]].
*[[fibrosarcoma|'''F'''ibrosarcoma]].
*[[fibrosarcoma|'''F'''ibrosarcoma]].
*[[pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma|'''M'''alignant fibrous histiocytoma (pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma]].
*[[pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma|'''M'''alignant fibrous histiocytoma (pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma)]].
*[[synovial sarcoma|'''S'''ynovial cell sarcoma]].
*[[synovial sarcoma|'''S'''ynovial cell sarcoma]].


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=Tumours of uncertain differentiation=
=Tumours of uncertain differentiation=
==Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma==
==Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma==
===General===
{{Main|Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma}}
*Rarely metastasizes.
*Children & young adults.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP624-5>{{Ref WMSP|624-5}}</ref>
*Cystic spaces with blood - simulates a vascular neoplasm.<ref name=pmid228836>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Enzinger | first1 = FM. | title = Angiomatoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma: a distinct fibrohistiocytic tumor of children and young adults simulating a vascular neoplasm. | journal = Cancer | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 2147-57 | month = Dec | year = 1979 | doi =  | PMID = 228836 }}</ref>
*Epithelioid to spindle cells.
**May have a histiocytic appearance.<ref>URL: [http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1605/1_case_reports/4_09-00041/patrizi.html http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1605/1_case_reports/4_09-00041/patrizi.html]. Accessed on: 15 November 2011.</ref>
*Inflammation.
**Lymphoid cuff<ref name=pmid20154033/> - lymphocytes around periphery of lesion.
*Hemorrhage.
 
Note:
*The first impression may be that it is [[granuloma|granulomatous inflammation]]; however, the cytoplasm doesn't fit (it isn't bubbly and it isn't sheet-like), and the nuclei aren't quite right (few footprint shaped nuclei).
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Angiomatoid_fibrous_histiocytoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | AFH - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Angiomatoid_fibrous_histiocytoma_-_high_mag.jpg | AFH - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.sarcomaimages.com/index.php?v=Angiomatoid-Fibrous-Histiocytoma AFH (sarcomaimages.com)].
*[http://jcp.bmj.com/content/63/2/124/F1.large.jpg AFH (bmj.com)].<ref name=pmid20154033>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Matsumura | first1 = T. | last2 = Yamaguchi | first2 = T. | last3 = Tochigi | first3 = N. | last4 = Wada | first4 = T. | last5 = Yamashita | first5 = T. | last6 = Hasegawa | first6 = T. | title = Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma including cases with pleomorphic features analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 124-8 | month = Feb | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2009.072256 | PMID = 20154033 | url = http://jcp.bmj.com/content/63/2/124.full }}
</ref>
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case512.html AFH - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP624-5>{{Ref WMSP|624-5}}</ref>
*CD68 +ve.
*CD57 +ve.
*Desmin +ve.
*Vimentin +ve.
 
===Molecular===
AFH has recurrent [[translocations]]:
*t(12;16) FUS/ATF1.
*t(12;22) EWS/ATF1.


==Aggressive angiomyxoma==
==Aggressive angiomyxoma==
*[[AKA]] deep aggressive angiomyxoma.
*[[AKA]] deep aggressive angiomyxoma.
===General===
{{Main|Aggressive angiomyxoma}}
*Classically a [[vulva]]r mass or (less commonly) a [[scrotum|scrotal]] mass.
**Case report of a thigh lesion.<ref name=pmid18338163>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Heffernan | first1 = EJ. | last2 = Hayes | first2 = MM. | last3 = Alkubaidan | first3 = FO. | last4 = Clarkson | first4 = PW. | last5 = Munk | first5 = PL. | title = Aggressive angiomyxoma of the thigh. | journal = Skeletal Radiol | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 673-8 | month = Jul | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1007/s00256-008-0465-0 | PMID = 18338163 }}</ref>
*Benign - no metastatic potential.
*"Aggressive" as it has a high recurrance.
 
===Gross===
*Poorly circumscribed.
*"Rubbery" or "gelatinous".
 
Location:
*[[Vulva]] - classic location.
 
Clinical DDx:
*[[Bartholin cyst]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP624>{{Ref WMSP|624}}</ref>
#Thick blood vessels that meld into the surrounding stroma - '''key feature'''.
#[[Myxoid stroma]] - '''key feature'''.
#Small stellate cell/spindle cells without significant nuclear atypia.
 
DDx:
*[[Angiomyofibroblastoma]].<ref name=pmid1314521>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fletcher | first1 = CD. | last2 = Tsang | first2 = WY. | last3 = Fisher | first3 = C. | last4 = Lee | first4 = KC. | last5 = Chan | first5 = JK. | title = Angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva. A benign neoplasm distinct from aggressive angiomyxoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 373-82 | month = Apr | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1314521 }}</ref>
*[[Neurofibroma]].
*[[Myxoma]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Aggressive_angiomyxoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Aggressive angiomyxoma - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Aggressive_angiomyxoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Aggressive angiomyxoma - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=1&Case=99 Aggressive angiomyxoma - low mag. (webpathology.com)].
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=99&n=2 Aggressive angiomyxoma - high mag. (webpathology.com)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case538.html Aggressive angiomyxoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP624>{{Ref WMSP|624}}</ref>
*Desmin +ve.
*Vimentin +ve.
*ER +ve.
*PR +ve.


==Angiomyofibroblastoma==
==Angiomyofibroblastoma==
===General===
{{Main|Angiomyofibroblastoma}}
*Uncommon.
 
Clinical DDx:
*[[Bartholin cyst]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid1314521>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fletcher | first1 = CD. | last2 = Tsang | first2 = WY. | last3 = Fisher | first3 = C. | last4 = Lee | first4 = KC. | last5 = Chan | first5 = JK. | title = Angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva. A benign neoplasm distinct from aggressive angiomyxoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 373-82 | month = Apr | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1314521 }}</ref>
*Hypercellular zones and hypocellular edematous zones.
*Small blood vessels (~20 micrometers) - no large blood vessels - '''key feature'''.
*[[Myxoid stroma]] - '''key feature'''.
*Small stellate cell/spindle cells without significant nuclear atypia.
 
DDx:
*[[Aggressive angiomyxoma]] - less cellular, large blood vessels.
 
Images:
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=544&n=4 Angiomyofibroblastoma (webpathology.com)]
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=5&Case=544 Angiomyofibroblastoma - high mag. (webpathology.com)].


==Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumour==
==Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumour==
*Essentially identical to ''[[renal malignant rhabdoid tumour]]''.<ref name=Ref_WMSP627>{{Ref WMSP|627}}</ref>
*Essentially identical to ''[[renal malignant rhabdoid tumour]]''.<ref name=Ref_WMSP627>{{Ref WMSP|627}}</ref>
===General===
{{Main|Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumour}}
*Usu. children < 2 years old.
*Very poor prognosis.
*In the CNS it is known as ''[[atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumour]]''.<ref name=Ref_WMSP627>{{Ref WMSP|627}}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP627>{{Ref WMSP|627}}</ref>
*Variable architecture.
*Round cells.
*Eccentric vesicular nucleus.
*Prominent [[nucleolus]] -- '''key feature'''.
 
===IHC===
*INI1 (SMARCB1) -ve.
**AKA BAF47.


==Ewing sarcoma/PNET==
==Ewing sarcoma/PNET==
Line 419: Line 308:
*Common alternate terms: extramedullary leukemia,<ref name=pmid21795742>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bakst | first1 = RL. | last2 = Tallman | first2 = MS. | last3 = Douer | first3 = D. | last4 = Yahalom | first4 = J. | title = How I treat extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia. | journal = Blood | volume = 118 | issue = 14 | pages = 3785-93 | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2011-04-347229 | PMID = 21795742 }}</ref> myeloid sarcoma, chloroma.  
*Common alternate terms: extramedullary leukemia,<ref name=pmid21795742>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bakst | first1 = RL. | last2 = Tallman | first2 = MS. | last3 = Douer | first3 = D. | last4 = Yahalom | first4 = J. | title = How I treat extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia. | journal = Blood | volume = 118 | issue = 14 | pages = 3785-93 | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2011-04-347229 | PMID = 21795742 }}</ref> myeloid sarcoma, chloroma.  
*Other terms:<ref name=pmid21556238>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Eom | first1 = KS. | last2 = Kim | first2 = TY. | title = Intraparenchymal myeloid sarcoma and subsequent spinal myeloid sarcoma for acute myeloblastic leukemia. | journal = J Korean Neurosurg Soc | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 171-4 | month = Mar | year = 2011 | doi = 10.3340/jkns.2011.49.3.171 | PMID = 21556238 | PMC = 3085814 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085814/ }}</ref> myeloblastoma, chloromyeloma, chloromyelosarcoma, granulocytic leukosarcoma, or myelosarcoma.
*Other terms:<ref name=pmid21556238>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Eom | first1 = KS. | last2 = Kim | first2 = TY. | title = Intraparenchymal myeloid sarcoma and subsequent spinal myeloid sarcoma for acute myeloblastic leukemia. | journal = J Korean Neurosurg Soc | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 171-4 | month = Mar | year = 2011 | doi = 10.3340/jkns.2011.49.3.171 | PMID = 21556238 | PMC = 3085814 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085814/ }}</ref> myeloblastoma, chloromyeloma, chloromyelosarcoma, granulocytic leukosarcoma, or myelosarcoma.
 
{{Main|Granulocytic sarcoma}}
===General===
*Soft tissue manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia.<ref name=pmid21556238/>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Cluster of atypical small blue cells in [[soft tissue lesions|soft tissue]].
 
Note:
*May mimic [[small cell carcinoma]], large cell lymphomas ([[DLBCL]], [[ALCL]]), [[small round cell tumour]]s.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Chloroma_-_high_mag.jpg | Chloroma - high mag. (WC)
Image:Chloroma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Chloroma - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case306/micro.html Granulocytic sarcoma - several crappy images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case379.html Myeloid sarcoma - several images (upmc.edu)].


=See also=
=See also=

Latest revision as of 12:50, 3 November 2015

Soft tissue lesions strike fear in many pathologists as they are uncommon and may be difficult to diagnose. Malignant soft tissue lesions, i.e. cancerous soft tissue lesions, are usually sarcomas. Sarcomas are malignancies derived from mesenchymal tissue.

Introduction

WHO classification of soft tissue lesions/tumours

Morphologic grouping

These include:[1]

  1. Adipocytic tumours.
  2. Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours.
  3. "Fibrohistiocytic" tumours.
  4. Smooth muscle tumours.
  5. Skeletal muscle tumours.
  6. Vascular tumours.
  7. Perivascular (pericytic) tumours.
  8. Chondro-osseous tumours.
  9. Tumours of uncertain differentiation.

Biologic potential grouping

These include:[2]

  1. Benign.
  2. Intermediate (locally aggressive).
  3. Intermediate (rarely metastasizing).
  4. Malignant.

Prevalence

  • All sarcomas are rare buggers.
    • As the classification has been changing over the past years (with more subtypes being recognized/identified) numbers are variable from study-to-study.
  • Once upon a time almost everything was called malignant fibrous histiocytoma; thus, it is listed as a common entity in some publications.

Most common:[3]

  • Liposarcoma.
  • Leiomyosarcoma.

Molecular testing

Main article: Molecular pathology
  • Molecular testing plays an important role in soft tissue pathology.
  • It is generally seen as an adjunct test that:[4]
    • Often is used to confirm the histomorphologic impression/quality control.
    • Frequently has some prognostic significance.
    • May directly affect treatment.

Translocations

Main article: Chromosomal translocations

Morphohistologic patterns

Main article: Morphologic patterns
Name Description DDx Image(s)
Storiform, AKA patternless pattern[5] whorled, cartwheel-like arrangement pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma, solitary fibrous tumour, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, dermatofibroma[6]
Patternless pattern. (WC)
Herring bone like herring bone (technique) for climbing a hill in cross country skiing; books on a shelf, where they have partially fallen over -- on the one shelf to the left and the one below to the right fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, MPNST
Herring bone. (WC)
Fascicular the long axis of the (spindle) cells are perpendicular to one another in adjacent bundles of cells leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma
Fascicular pattern. (WC)
Biphasic nests of cells and stroma synovial sarcoma, DSRCT, alveolar RMS
DSRCT. (WC)

Notes:

  • Memory device: herring bone DDx MSF = MPNST, Synovial sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma.

Grading

  • Several systems exist.
  • The US-CAP advocates the use of the French system over the NCI system.
    • The French system is a better predictor metastases and mortality.[7]

French system

  • Formally known as the grading system from the French Federation of Cancer Centres Sarcoma Group (FNCLCC).

Overview

Components - overview:[7][8]

  1. Differentiation (score 1-3).
    • De facto, this is mostly the histologic type.
  2. Mitotic rate (score 1-3).
  3. Necrosis (score 0-2)

Obtaining a score:

  • Add all the points from the three components.

Scoring:

  • Grade 1 = 2-3.
  • Grade 2 = 4-5.
  • Grade 3 = 6-8.
Differentiation
  • Standardized for histologic types.
  • Most tumours = 3/3.

Exceptions:[8]

A group of tumours is not graded:[8]

Mitotic rate
  • 0-9 mitoses/10 HPF.
  • 10-19 mitoses/10 HPF.
  • >=20 mitoses/10 HPF.

Notes:

  • 1 HPF = 0.1734 mm^2.
    • Most resident microscopes have a field of view = 0.2376 mm^2.
      • Thus, ~7.3 HPFs on a resident microscope corresponds to 10 US-CAP HPFs.
Necrosis
  • None = score 0.
  • <=50% of tumour = score 1.
  • >50% of tumour = score 2.

System used by some at MSH

Some pathologists at MSH use the system advocated by Costa et al..[9]

Scoring

  • Grade 1 = 1 point.
  • Grade 2 = 2 points.
  • Grade 3 = 3-4 points.

Components

Points for each of the following:

  • Mitotic activity >= 6 / 10 HPF @ 40X - definition suffers from HPFitis.
  • Pleomorphism present.
  • Cellularity (cells/matrix) > 50%.
  • Necrosis >15% - microscopic (without targeting necrosis grossly) or grossly.

Stage

Main article: Cancer staging systems

Lymph node metastases in sarcomas

Main article: Lymph node metastasis

Sarcomas more likely to be found in the lymph nodes - mnemonic RACE For MS:[12]

DDx by history/site

Retroperiteum

  1. Liposarcoma.
  2. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
  3. Leiomyosarcoma.
  4. MPNST.

Note: Synovial sarcoma and fibrosarcoma are very rare in the retroperitoneum.

Young person - extremity sarcoma

  1. Epithelioid sarcoma.
  2. Synovial sarcoma.

Gross characteristics

  • Usually non-specific.
  • Most sarcomas have a pushing border.
    • If there is an infiltrative border think: (1) fibromatosis, (2) carcinoma.

Adipocytic tumours

Main article: Adipocytic tumours

This category includes:

  • Lipoma.
  • Liposarcoma.
  • Hibernoma.

Smooth muscle tumours

Main article: Smooth muscle tumours

IHC markers: desmin, SMA, H-caldemsin (most specific).

Leiomyosarcoma

Main article: Leiomyosarcoma

Microscopic

Features (summary):

  • Fasicular cellular spindle cell lesion with:
    • Nuclear atypia.
    • Necrosis.
    • High mitotic rate.

Fibrohistiocytic tumours

Fibrohistiocytic refers (only) to the histomorphologic appearance and therefore may be written in quotation marks; these tumours are not derived from histiocytes (or tissue macrophages), as the name implies.[13]

Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma

  • Abbreviated PUS.
  • AKA Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, abbreviated UPS.
  • Previously known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma, abbreviated MFH.[14]
Main article: Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma

Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours

Main article: Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours

This is a very large and important group of soft tissue lesions. It is covered in a separate article.

The grouping includes:

Perivascular tumours

This grouping includes only two:[15]

Vascular lesions

Main article: Vascular lesions

Vascular lesions are "too red"; they have too many RBCs.

They include:

Skeletal muscle tumours

Rhabdomyoma

Main article: Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

  • Abbreviated RMS.
Main article: Rhabdomyosarcoma

Comes it two main flavours:

  • Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.
  • Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.

The histology may be that of a small round cell tumour.

Chondro-osseous tumours

Main article: Chondro-osseous tumours

This grouping includes tumours derived from cartilage and bone.

Tumours of uncertain differentiation

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma

Main article: Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma

Aggressive angiomyxoma

  • AKA deep aggressive angiomyxoma.
Main article: Aggressive angiomyxoma

Angiomyofibroblastoma

Main article: Angiomyofibroblastoma

Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumour

Main article: Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumour

Ewing sarcoma/PNET

Main article: Ewing sarcoma

Epithelioid sarcoma

Sarcomas with an epithelioid morphology are covered in epithelioid sarcomas.
Main article: Epithelioid sarcoma

Alveolar soft part sarcoma

Main article: Alveolar soft part sarcoma

Desmoplastic small round cell tumour

Main article: Desmoplastic small round cell tumour

Clear cell sarcoma

Main article: Clear cell sarcoma

Synovial sarcoma

Main article: Synovial sarcoma

Other

Granulocytic sarcoma

  • Common alternate terms: extramedullary leukemia,[17] myeloid sarcoma, chloroma.
  • Other terms:[18] myeloblastoma, chloromyeloma, chloromyelosarcoma, granulocytic leukosarcoma, or myelosarcoma.
Main article: Granulocytic sarcoma

See also

References

  1. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 601-3. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  2. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 598-604. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. ↑ Skubitz KM, D'Adamo DR (November 2007). "Sarcoma". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (11): 1409–32. PMID 17976362. http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/11/1409.long.
  4. ↑ Fletcher CD, Fletcher JA, Dal Cin P, Ladanyi M, Woodruff JM (July 2001). "Diagnostic gold standard for soft tissue tumours: morphology or molecular genetics?". Histopathology 39 (1): 100–3. PMID 11454050.
  5. ↑ Mangano WE, Cagle PT, Churg A, Vollmer RT, Roggli VL (August 1998). "The diagnosis of desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma and its distinction from fibrous pleurisy: a histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 31 cases including p53 immunostaining". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 110 (2): 191–9. PMID 9704618.
  6. ↑ Meister P, Höhne N, Konrad E, Eder M (July 1979). "Fibrous histiocytoma: an analysis of the storiform pattern". Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 383 (1): 31–41. PMID 224569.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Guillou L, Coindre JM, Bonichon F, et al. (January 1997). "Comparative study of the National Cancer Institute and French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group grading systems in a population of 410 adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma". J. Clin. Oncol. 15 (1): 350–62. PMID 8996162.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 URL: http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/SoftTissue_11protocol.pdf. Accessed on: 12 April 2011.
  9. ↑ Costa J, Wesley RA, Glatstein E, Rosenberg SA (February 1984). "The grading of soft tissue sarcomas. Results of a clinicohistopathologic correlation in a series of 163 cases". Cancer 53 (3): 530–41. PMID 6692258.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fong, Y.; Coit, DG.; Woodruff, JM.; Brennan, MF. (Jan 1993). "Lymph node metastasis from soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Analysis of data from a prospective database of 1772 sarcoma patients.". Ann Surg 217 (1): 72-7. PMC 1242736. PMID 8424704. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1242736/.
  11. ↑ URL: http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/SoftTissue_11protocol.pdf. Accessed on: 28 March 2012.
  12. ↑ URL: http://www.aippg.net/forum/f21/surgery-mnemonics-79897/. Accessed on: 23 March 2012.
  13. ↑ Luzar, B.; Calonje, E. (Jan 2010). "Cutaneous fibrohistiocytic tumours - an update.". Histopathology 56 (1): 148-65. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03447.x. PMID 20055912.
  14. ↑ URL: http://sarcomahelp.org/learning_center/mfh.html. Accessed on: 8 April 2011.
  15. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 602. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  16. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 627. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  17. ↑ Bakst, RL.; Tallman, MS.; Douer, D.; Yahalom, J. (Oct 2011). "How I treat extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia.". Blood 118 (14): 3785-93. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-347229. PMID 21795742.
  18. ↑ Eom, KS.; Kim, TY. (Mar 2011). "Intraparenchymal myeloid sarcoma and subsequent spinal myeloid sarcoma for acute myeloblastic leukemia.". J Korean Neurosurg Soc 49 (3): 171-4. doi:10.3340/jkns.2011.49.3.171. PMC 3085814. PMID 21556238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085814/.
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