Difference between revisions of "Serous carcinoma of the ovary"

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{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Serous carcinoma - omentum 3 -- very high mag.jpg
| Width      =
| Caption    = Serous carcinoma. [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms  =
| Micro      =
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = [[serous carcinoma]] from other sites (e.g. [[serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube]]), [[clear cell carcinoma of the ovary]], poorly differentiated [[endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary]], [[ovarian serous borderline tumour]] for low-grade tumours
| Stains    =
| IHC        = WT-1 +ve, CK7 +ve, ER +ve, [[HNF-1beta]] -ve
| EM        =
| Molecular  = +/-BRCA1 mutation, +/-BRCA2 mutation
| IF        =
| Gross      = solid and cystic, serous fluid
| Grossing  =
| Site      = [[ovary]] - see ''[[ovarian tumours]]''
| Assdx      =
| Syndromes  =
| Clinicalhx =
| Signs      = adnexal mass
| Symptoms  =
| Prevalence =
| Bloodwork  = CA-125 elevated
| Rads      = complex mass with solid and cystic area, often large
| Endoscopy  =
| Prognosis  = poor for high-grade
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    =
| Tx        = surgery, chemotherapy
}}
'''Serous carcinoma of the ovary''', also '''ovarian serous carcinoma''', is relatively common malignant [[ovarian tumour]].
'''Serous carcinoma of the ovary''', also '''ovarian serous carcinoma''', is relatively common malignant [[ovarian tumour]].


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*Most common malignant ovarian tumour in the eldery.
*Most common malignant ovarian tumour in the eldery.
*Poor prognosis.
*Poor prognosis.
*May be associated with a ''[[BRCA1]] gene'' or ''[[BRCA2]] gene'' mutation.<ref name=pmid23707676>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Demsky | first1 = R. | last2 = McCuaig | first2 = J. | last3 = Maganti | first3 = M. | last4 = Murphy | first4 = KJ. | last5 = Rosen | first5 = B. | last6 = Armel | first6 = SR. | title = Keeping it simple: genetics referrals for all invasive serous ovarian cancers. | journal = Gynecol Oncol | volume = 130 | issue = 2 | pages = 329-33 | month = Aug | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.05.003 | PMID = 23707676 }}</ref>
**Approximately 20% of high-grade serous carcinoma are associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2.<ref name=pmid22776961>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schrader | first1 = KA. | last2 = Hurlburt | first2 = J. | last3 = Kalloger | first3 = SE. | last4 = Hansford | first4 = S. | last5 = Young | first5 = S. | last6 = Huntsman | first6 = DG. | last7 = Gilks | first7 = CB. | last8 = McAlpine | first8 = JN. | title = Germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in ovarian cancer: utility of a histology-based referral strategy. | journal = Obstet Gynecol | volume = 120 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 235-40 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825f3576 | PMID = 22776961 }}</ref>
Precursors lesions:
*[[Serous borderline tumour]]s for low-grade serious carcinoma.
**Generally do not progress to high-grade serous carcinoma.{{fact}}
*[[Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma]] (STIC)<ref name=pmid23240669>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Vang | first1 = R. | last2 = Shih | first2 = IeM. | last3 = Kurman | first3 = RJ. | title = Fallopian tube precursors of ovarian low- and high-grade serous neoplasms. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 44-58 | month = Jan | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1111/his.12046 | PMID = 23240669 }}</ref> for high-grade serous carcinoma.
==Gross==
*Ovarian mass.
**Typically solid with multiple cystic areas.
**Often >10 cm.
Note:
*Lesions <10 cm and unilocular are usually benign.<ref name=pmid9570990>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bailey | first1 = CL. | last2 = Ueland | first2 = FR. | last3 = Land | first3 = GL. | last4 = DePriest | first4 = PD. | last5 = Gallion | first5 = HH. | last6 = Kryscio | first6 = RJ. | last7 = van Nagell | first7 = JR. | title = The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age. | journal = Gynecol Oncol | volume = 69 | issue = 1 | pages = 3-7 | month = Apr | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1006/gyno.1998.4965 | PMID = 9570990 }}</ref>


==Microscopic==
==Microscopic==
Features:
Features:
*Marked nuclear pleomorphism:
*Nuclear pleomorphism:
**Variation in size - usually marked.
**Variation in size - often marked.
**Variation in staining.
**Variation in staining.
**Variation in shape.
**Variation in shape.
*Prominent nucleolus - '''key feature'''.
*+/-[[Macronucleolus]] - '''key feature'''.
*Eccentric nucleus.
*Eccentric nucleus.
*Architecture:
*Architecture:
Line 17: Line 63:
**Papillary - classic.
**Papillary - classic.
**Glandular - uncommon.
**Glandular - uncommon.
*+/-Psammoma bodies - uncommon.
*+/-[[Psammoma bodies]] - uncommon.
*+/-Necrosis - often extensive.
*+/-Necrosis - often extensive.


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*Other non-ovarian serous carcinomas - ''see [[serous carcinoma]]''.
*Other non-ovarian serous carcinomas - ''see [[serous carcinoma]]''.
*[[Ovarian serous borderline tumour]] - mild to moderate nuclear atypia, no invasion, few mitoses.
*[[Ovarian serous borderline tumour]] - mild to moderate nuclear atypia, no invasion, few mitoses.
===Grading===
Serous carcinoma is subdivided into:<ref name=pmid19700937>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Vang | first1 = R. | last2 = Shih | first2 = IeM. | last3 = Kurman | first3 = RJ. | title = Ovarian low-grade and high-grade serous carcinoma: pathogenesis, clinicopathologic and molecular biologic features, and diagnostic problems. | journal = Adv Anat Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 267-82 | month = Sep | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181b4fffa | PMID = 19700937 }}</ref><ref name=pmid15087669>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Malpica | first1 = A. | last2 = Deavers | first2 = MT. | last3 = Lu | first3 = K. | last4 = Bodurka | first4 = DC. | last5 = Atkinson | first5 = EN. | last6 = Gershenson | first6 = DM. | last7 = Silva | first7 = EG. | title = Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 496-504 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15087669 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Grade
! Nuclear atypia (most important)
! Mitotic rate
|-
| Low-grade (Type I)
| mild/moderate atypia: round/oval nuclei, evenly distributed <br>chromatin, +/-conspicuous nucleoli
| <=12 mitoses/10 HPFs †
|-
| High-grade (Type II)
| severe atypia: >=3:1 size variation, irregular <br>chromatin, +/-[[macronucleoli]]
| >12 mitoses/10 HPFs †
|}
Notes:
* † Definition suffers from [[HPFitis]].
** In fairness, the paper<ref name=pmid15087669/> notes that the ''Olympus BH2'' microscope was used.  The 40x objective on this microscope has a field diameter of 0.5 mm, according to a manual found online.<ref>URL: [www.alanwood.net/downloads/olympus-bh-2-bht-manual.pdf‎ www.alanwood.net/downloads/olympus-bh-2-bht-manual.pdf‎]. Accessed on: 1 January 2014.</ref> Assuming this is so, the field area is 0.19635 mm<sup>2</sup>. Thus, in standard units, the cut-point would be 6.1115 mitoses/1 mm<sup>2</sup> and the sample area 1.9635 mm<sup>2</sup>.
*Tumours very rarely transform from ''low-grade'' to ''high-grade''.<ref name=pmid22833081>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Garg | first1 = K. | last2 = Park | first2 = KJ. | last3 = Soslow | first3 = RA. | title = Low-grade serous neoplasms of the ovary with transformation to high-grade carcinomas: a report of 3 cases. | journal = Int J Gynecol Pathol | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 423-8 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PGP.0b013e31824ae6f2 | PMID = 22833081 }}</ref>


===Images===
===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Serous carcinoma - omentum -- high mag.jpg | Serous ca - high mag.
Image: Serous carcinoma - omentum -- very high mag.jpg | Serous ca - very high mag.
Image: Serous carcinoma - omentum 3 -- very high mag.jpg | Serous ca - very high mag.
</gallery>
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Serous_carcinoma_cytology.jpg | Serous carcinoma - cytology. (WC)
Image:Serous_carcinoma_cytology.jpg | Serous carcinoma - cytology. (WC)
</gallery>
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716424/figure/F1/ Serous carcinoma - grade 1, 2 and 3 (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid19461510>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ayhan | first1 = A. | last2 = Kurman | first2 = RJ. | last3 = Yemelyanova | first3 = A. | last4 = Vang | first4 = R. | last5 = Logani | first5 = S. | last6 = Seidman | first6 = JD. | last7 = Shih | first7 = IeM. | title = Defining the cut point between low-grade and high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas: a clinicopathologic and molecular genetic analysis. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 33 | issue = 8 | pages = 1220-4 | month = Aug | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181a24354 | PMID = 19461510 | PMC = 2716424 }}</ref>


==IHC==
==IHC==
*WT-1 +ve - '''key immunostain'''.<ref name=pmid18830127>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Köbel | first1 = M. | last2 = Kalloger | first2 = SE. | last3 = Carrick | first3 = J. | last4 = Huntsman | first4 = D. | last5 = Asad | first5 = H. | last6 = Oliva | first6 = E. | last7 = Ewanowich | first7 = CA. | last8 = Soslow | first8 = RA. | last9 = Gilks | first9 = CB. | title = A limited panel of immunomarkers can reliably distinguish between clear cell and high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 14-21 | month = Jan | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181788546 | PMID = 18830127 }}</ref>
*[[WT-1]] +ve - '''key immunostain'''.<ref name=pmid18830127>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Köbel | first1 = M. | last2 = Kalloger | first2 = SE. | last3 = Carrick | first3 = J. | last4 = Huntsman | first4 = D. | last5 = Asad | first5 = H. | last6 = Oliva | first6 = E. | last7 = Ewanowich | first7 = CA. | last8 = Soslow | first8 = RA. | last9 = Gilks | first9 = CB. | title = A limited panel of immunomarkers can reliably distinguish between clear cell and high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 14-21 | month = Jan | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181788546 | PMID = 18830127 }}</ref>
*CK7 +ve.
*[[CK7]] +ve.
*CA-125 +ve.
*CA-125 +ve.
*ER +ve.<ref name=pmid21164285>{{Cite journal  | last1 = DeLair | first1 = D. | last2 = Oliva | first2 = E. | last3 = Köbel | first3 = M. | last4 = Macias | first4 = A. | last5 = Gilks | first5 = CB. | last6 = Soslow | first6 = RA. | title = Morphologic spectrum of immunohistochemically characterized clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: a study of 155 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 36-44 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181ff400e | PMID = 21164285 }}</ref>  
*ER +ve.<ref name=pmid21164285>{{Cite journal  | last1 = DeLair | first1 = D. | last2 = Oliva | first2 = E. | last3 = Köbel | first3 = M. | last4 = Macias | first4 = A. | last5 = Gilks | first5 = CB. | last6 = Soslow | first6 = RA. | title = Morphologic spectrum of immunohistochemically characterized clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: a study of 155 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 36-44 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181ff400e | PMID = 21164285 }}</ref>  
*p53 +ve.
*p53 +ve/-ve.
**p16 -ve/+ve.


Others:
Others:
*HNF-1beta -ve.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tsuchiya | first1 = A. | last2 = Sakamoto | first2 = M. | last3 = Yasuda | first3 = J. | last4 = Chuma | first4 = M. | last5 = Ohta | first5 = T. | last6 = Ohki | first6 = M. | last7 = Yasugi | first7 = T. | last8 = Taketani | first8 = Y. | last9 = Hirohashi | first9 = S. | title = Expression profiling in ovarian clear cell carcinoma: identification of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta as a molecular marker and a possible molecular target for therapy of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. | journal = Am J Pathol | volume = 163 | issue = 6 | pages = 2503-12 | month = Dec | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14633622 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892387/?tool=pubmed }}</ref><ref name=omim189907>{{OMIM|189907}}</ref>
*HNF-1beta -ve.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tsuchiya | first1 = A. | last2 = Sakamoto | first2 = M. | last3 = Yasuda | first3 = J. | last4 = Chuma | first4 = M. | last5 = Ohta | first5 = T. | last6 = Ohki | first6 = M. | last7 = Yasugi | first7 = T. | last8 = Taketani | first8 = Y. | last9 = Hirohashi | first9 = S. | title = Expression profiling in ovarian clear cell carcinoma: identification of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta as a molecular marker and a possible molecular target for therapy of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. | journal = Am J Pathol | volume = 163 | issue = 6 | pages = 2503-12 | month = Dec | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 14633622 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892387/?tool=pubmed }}</ref><ref name=omim189907>{{OMIM|189907}}</ref>
**Usually +ve in [[clear cell carcinoma of the ovary]].
**Usually +ve in [[clear cell carcinoma of the ovary]].
*PAX2 +ve.
**Usually -ve in [[malignant mesothelioma]].<ref name=pmid22498671>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gao | first1 = FF. | last2 = Krasinskas | first2 = AM. | last3 = Chivukula | first3 = M. | title = Is PAX2 a reliable marker in differentiating diffuse malignant mesotheliomas of peritoneum from serous carcinomas of müllerian origin? | journal = Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 272-6 | month = May | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182366531 | PMID = 22498671 }}</ref>
==Sign out==
<pre>
A. RIGHT OVARY, BIOPSY:
- SEROUS CARCINOMA, HIGH-GRADE.
- PSAMMOMATOUS CALCIFICATIONS.
B. OMENTUM, BIOPSY:
- SEROUS CARCINOMA, HIGH-GRADE.
- PSAMMOMATOUS CALCIFICATIONS.
COMMENT:
The morphology is compatible with a serous carcinoma (prominent
nucleoli, large nuclear size variation, psammomatous calcifications).
The immunostaining is that of a serous carcinoma:
POSITIVE: CK7, ER, PR (focal), CA-125, WT-1.
NEGATIVE: CK20, p53.
The ovary has multiple small tumour nodules.  The status of the opposite
ovary is unknown. The bulk of the tumour in the specimen provided is in
the omentum.
Clinical and radiologic correlation is suggested for the determination of
the primary site of this serous carcinoma.
High-grade serous carcinoma of ovary/fallopian tube/periteonum is associated
with BRCA1/2 mutation in approximately 20% of patients. Referral to genetic
counseling is recommended.
</pre>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Ovary]].
*[[Ovary]].
*[[Ovarian tumours]].
*[[Ovarian tumours]].
*[[Serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube]].


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:16, 4 November 2024

Serous carcinoma of the ovary
Diagnosis in short

Serous carcinoma. H&E stain.
LM DDx serous carcinoma from other sites (e.g. serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube), clear cell carcinoma of the ovary, poorly differentiated endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary, ovarian serous borderline tumour for low-grade tumours
IHC WT-1 +ve, CK7 +ve, ER +ve, HNF-1beta -ve
Molecular +/-BRCA1 mutation, +/-BRCA2 mutation
Gross solid and cystic, serous fluid
Site ovary - see ovarian tumours
Signs adnexal mass
Blood work CA-125 elevated
Radiology complex mass with solid and cystic area, often large
Prognosis poor for high-grade
Treatment surgery, chemotherapy

Serous carcinoma of the ovary, also ovarian serous carcinoma, is relatively common malignant ovarian tumour.

General

  • Most common malignant ovarian tumour in the eldery.
  • Poor prognosis.
  • May be associated with a BRCA1 gene or BRCA2 gene mutation.[1]
    • Approximately 20% of high-grade serous carcinoma are associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2.[2]

Precursors lesions:

Gross

  • Ovarian mass.
    • Typically solid with multiple cystic areas.
    • Often >10 cm.

Note:

  • Lesions <10 cm and unilocular are usually benign.[4]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Nuclear pleomorphism:
    • Variation in size - often marked.
    • Variation in staining.
    • Variation in shape.
  • +/-Macronucleolus - key feature.
  • Eccentric nucleus.
  • Architecture:
    • Solid.
    • Papillary - classic.
    • Glandular - uncommon.
  • +/-Psammoma bodies - uncommon.
  • +/-Necrosis - often extensive.

DDx:

Grading

Serous carcinoma is subdivided into:[5][6]

Grade Nuclear atypia (most important) Mitotic rate
Low-grade (Type I) mild/moderate atypia: round/oval nuclei, evenly distributed
chromatin, +/-conspicuous nucleoli 		<=12 mitoses/10 HPFs †
High-grade (Type II) severe atypia: >=3:1 size variation, irregular
chromatin, +/-macronucleoli 		>12 mitoses/10 HPFs †

Notes:

  • † Definition suffers from HPFitis.
    • In fairness, the paper[6] notes that the Olympus BH2 microscope was used. The 40x objective on this microscope has a field diameter of 0.5 mm, according to a manual found online.[7] Assuming this is so, the field area is 0.19635 mm2. Thus, in standard units, the cut-point would be 6.1115 mitoses/1 mm2 and the sample area 1.9635 mm2.
  • Tumours very rarely transform from low-grade to high-grade.[8]

Images

  • Serous ca - high mag.

  • Serous ca - very high mag.

  • Serous ca - very high mag.

  • Serous carcinoma - cytology. (WC)

www:

IHC

  • WT-1 +ve - key immunostain.[10]
  • CK7 +ve.
  • CA-125 +ve.
  • ER +ve.[11]
  • p53 +ve/-ve.
    • p16 -ve/+ve.

Others:

Sign out

A. RIGHT OVARY, BIOPSY:
- SEROUS CARCINOMA, HIGH-GRADE.
- PSAMMOMATOUS CALCIFICATIONS.

B. OMENTUM, BIOPSY:
- SEROUS CARCINOMA, HIGH-GRADE.
- PSAMMOMATOUS CALCIFICATIONS.

COMMENT:
The morphology is compatible with a serous carcinoma (prominent 
nucleoli, large nuclear size variation, psammomatous calcifications).

The immunostaining is that of a serous carcinoma:
POSITIVE: CK7, ER, PR (focal), CA-125, WT-1.
NEGATIVE: CK20, p53.

The ovary has multiple small tumour nodules.  The status of the opposite 
ovary is unknown. The bulk of the tumour in the specimen provided is in 
the omentum.

Clinical and radiologic correlation is suggested for the determination of 
the primary site of this serous carcinoma.

High-grade serous carcinoma of ovary/fallopian tube/periteonum is associated 
with BRCA1/2 mutation in approximately 20% of patients. Referral to genetic 
counseling is recommended.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Demsky, R.; McCuaig, J.; Maganti, M.; Murphy, KJ.; Rosen, B.; Armel, SR. (Aug 2013). "Keeping it simple: genetics referrals for all invasive serous ovarian cancers.". Gynecol Oncol 130 (2): 329-33. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.05.003. PMID 23707676.
  2. ↑ Schrader, KA.; Hurlburt, J.; Kalloger, SE.; Hansford, S.; Young, S.; Huntsman, DG.; Gilks, CB.; McAlpine, JN. (Aug 2012). "Germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in ovarian cancer: utility of a histology-based referral strategy.". Obstet Gynecol 120 (2 Pt 1): 235-40. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825f3576. PMID 22776961.
  3. ↑ Vang, R.; Shih, IeM.; Kurman, RJ. (Jan 2013). "Fallopian tube precursors of ovarian low- and high-grade serous neoplasms.". Histopathology 62 (1): 44-58. doi:10.1111/his.12046. PMID 23240669.
  4. ↑ Bailey, CL.; Ueland, FR.; Land, GL.; DePriest, PD.; Gallion, HH.; Kryscio, RJ.; van Nagell, JR. (Apr 1998). "The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age.". Gynecol Oncol 69 (1): 3-7. doi:10.1006/gyno.1998.4965. PMID 9570990.
  5. ↑ Vang, R.; Shih, IeM.; Kurman, RJ. (Sep 2009). "Ovarian low-grade and high-grade serous carcinoma: pathogenesis, clinicopathologic and molecular biologic features, and diagnostic problems.". Adv Anat Pathol 16 (5): 267-82. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181b4fffa. PMID 19700937.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Malpica, A.; Deavers, MT.; Lu, K.; Bodurka, DC.; Atkinson, EN.; Gershenson, DM.; Silva, EG. (Apr 2004). "Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system.". Am J Surg Pathol 28 (4): 496-504. PMID 15087669.
  7. ↑ URL: [www.alanwood.net/downloads/olympus-bh-2-bht-manual.pdf‎ www.alanwood.net/downloads/olympus-bh-2-bht-manual.pdf‎]. Accessed on: 1 January 2014.
  8. ↑ Garg, K.; Park, KJ.; Soslow, RA. (Sep 2012). "Low-grade serous neoplasms of the ovary with transformation to high-grade carcinomas: a report of 3 cases.". Int J Gynecol Pathol 31 (5): 423-8. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e31824ae6f2. PMID 22833081.
  9. ↑ Ayhan, A.; Kurman, RJ.; Yemelyanova, A.; Vang, R.; Logani, S.; Seidman, JD.; Shih, IeM. (Aug 2009). "Defining the cut point between low-grade and high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas: a clinicopathologic and molecular genetic analysis.". Am J Surg Pathol 33 (8): 1220-4. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181a24354. PMC 2716424. PMID 19461510. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716424/.
  10. ↑ Köbel, M.; Kalloger, SE.; Carrick, J.; Huntsman, D.; Asad, H.; Oliva, E.; Ewanowich, CA.; Soslow, RA. et al. (Jan 2009). "A limited panel of immunomarkers can reliably distinguish between clear cell and high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary.". Am J Surg Pathol 33 (1): 14-21. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181788546. PMID 18830127.
  11. ↑ DeLair, D.; Oliva, E.; Köbel, M.; Macias, A.; Gilks, CB.; Soslow, RA. (Jan 2011). "Morphologic spectrum of immunohistochemically characterized clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: a study of 155 cases.". Am J Surg Pathol 35 (1): 36-44. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181ff400e. PMID 21164285.
  12. ↑ Tsuchiya, A.; Sakamoto, M.; Yasuda, J.; Chuma, M.; Ohta, T.; Ohki, M.; Yasugi, T.; Taketani, Y. et al. (Dec 2003). "Expression profiling in ovarian clear cell carcinoma: identification of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta as a molecular marker and a possible molecular target for therapy of ovarian clear cell carcinoma.". Am J Pathol 163 (6): 2503-12. PMID 14633622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892387/?tool=pubmed.
  13. ↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 189907
  14. ↑ Gao, FF.; Krasinskas, AM.; Chivukula, M. (May 2012). "Is PAX2 a reliable marker in differentiating diffuse malignant mesotheliomas of peritoneum from serous carcinomas of müllerian origin?". Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 20 (3): 272-6. doi:10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182366531. PMID 22498671.
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