Difference between revisions of "Eye"

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The '''eye''' is rarely seen by pathologists.  Typically, they go to neuropathologists, as the eye is really part of the brain.  The article also covers lesions found around the eye.  The lacrimal gland is covered in the ''[[lacrimal gland]]'' article.   
[[Image:Gray888.png|thumb|300px|Illustration of the eye. (Gray's Anatomy/WC)]]
[[Image:Optic nerve head and retina -- low mag.jpg|thumb|300px|Micrograph showing the optic nerve head and retina. [[H&E stain]]. (WC)]]
The '''eye''' is rarely seen by pathologists.  Typically, they go to neuropathologists, as the eye is really part of the brain.  The article also covers many of the lesions found around the eye.  The lacrimal gland is covered in the ''[[lacrimal gland]]'' article.  Eyelid lesions are covered in the ''[[eyelid]]'' article.   


An introduction to neuropathology is in the ''[[neuropathology]]'' article.
An introduction to neuropathology is in the ''[[neuropathology]]'' article.
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#Conjunctiva - edge of cornea.
#Conjunctiva - edge of cornea.
#Sclera.
#Sclera.
#*Similar to cornea - normally has blood vessels.
#*Similar to cornea - normally has [[blood vessel]]s.


===Optic nerve===
===Optic nerve===
*Surrounded by CSF.
*Surrounded by CSF.
*Covered by dura.
*Covered by dura.
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Optic nerve -- very low mag.jpg | CN II - very low mag. (WC)
Image: Optic nerve -- low mag.jpg | CN II - low mag. (WC)
Image: Optic nerve -- intermed mag.jpg | CN II - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Optic nerve -- high mag.jpg | CN II - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


===Inside to outside===
===Inside to outside===
Line 26: Line 36:
#Choroid.
#Choroid.
#Sclera.
#Sclera.
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Optic nerve head and retina -- low mag.jpg| Optic nerve head and retina - low mag. (WC)
</gallery>


===Anterior angle===
===Anterior angle===
*Angle between cornea and iris.
*Angle between cornea and iris.
===Canthi===
The canthi are where the upper and lower eyelids meet:
*Medial canthus.
*Lateral canthus.
Note:
*The most common malignant canthus lesion is [[basal cell carcinoma]].<ref>URL: [https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2372910 https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2372910]. Accessed on: 2022 Nov 17.</ref>


=Histology=
=Histology=
Line 57: Line 80:


===Retina===
===Retina===
*Complex multilayered structure.
[[Image:Retina -- very high mag.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Retina. (WC)]]
Simplified structure - eosinophilic material separating:
#Intermediate size, round, pale-staining nuclei (ganglion cells).
#Two layers of small round nuclei (inner and outer nuclear layer).
#Eosinophilic ellipsoid structures - rods/cones (photoreceptors).
#Single layer of cuboidal cells (retinal pigment epithelium.


Image:
Detailed structure - in direction light travels:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray881.png Retina - schematic (WC/Gray's)].
#Inner limiting membrane.
#Nerve fibre layer.
#Ganglion layer.
#Inner plexiform layer.
#Inner nuclear layer.
#Outer plexiform layer.
#Outer nuclear layer.
#Layer of rods and cones.
#External limiting membrane.
#Retinal pigment epithelium.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Gray881.png | Retina - schematic. (WC/Gray's)
Image: Optic nerve head and retina -- low mag.jpg | Optic nerve & retina - low mag. (WC)
Image: Retina -- intermed mag.jpg | Retina - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Retina -- high mag.jpg | Retina - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.surgical-pathology.com/retina_image.htm Retina - histology (surgical-pathology.com)].
*[http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_physiology/a&p202/special_senses/eye/histology_eye.htm Histology of the eye (clc.uc.edu)].


===Eye structures with melanocytes===
===Eye structures with melanocytes===
Line 84: Line 132:
*Inflammatory cells.
*Inflammatory cells.


==Pinguecula==
==Conjunctival cyst==
*Plural ''Pingueculae''.
{{ Infobox external links
 
| Name          = Conjunctival cyst
| EHVSC          = 10173
| pathprotocols  =
| wikipedia      =
| pathoutlines  =
}}
===General===
===General===
*Raizada ''et al.''<ref name=pmid1031388>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Raizada | first1 = IN. | last2 = Bhatnagar | first2 = NK. | title = Pinguecula and pterygium (a histopathological study). | journal = Indian J Ophthalmol | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 16-8 | month = Jul | year = 1976 | doi =  | PMID = 1031388 | URL = http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?2007/55/1/83/29517 }}</ref> suggest it is an early pterygium; however, this is disputed.
*Rare.
*Due to ultraviolet light exposure, e.g. sunlight.<ref name=pmid2695353>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hill | first1 = JC. | last2 = Maske | first2 = R. | title = Pathogenesis of pterygium. | journal = Eye (Lond) | volume = 3 ( Pt 2) | issue = | pages = 218-26 | month = | year = 1989 | doi = 10.1038/eye.1989.31 | PMID = 2695353 | URL = http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v3/n2/abs/eye198931a.html }}</ref>
*May be due to surgery, trauma, or congenital (very rare).<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Robb | first1 = RM. | last2 = Elliott | first2 = AT. | last3 = Robson | first3 = CD. | title = Developmental conjunctival cyst of the eyelid in a child. | journal = J AAPOS | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 196-8 | month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.02.001 | PMID = 22525180 }}</ref>
*Tend to be older than individuals afflicted with a pterygium.
 
===Gross===
*Yellow spot.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
*Similar to pterygium.<ref name=pmid2695353>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hill | first1 = JC. | last2 = Maske | first2 = R. | title = Pathogenesis of pterygium. | journal = Eye (Lond) | volume = 3 ( Pt 2) | issue =  | pages = 218-26 | month =  | year = 1989 | doi = 10.1038/eye.1989.31 | PMID = 2695353 | URL = http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v3/n2/abs/eye198931a.html }}</ref>
*Conjunctival mucosa with atypia.
**Stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells.


==Pterygium==
DDx:
*[[AKA]] surfer eye.
*Ocular surface squamous neoplasia.
===General===
**Cystic [[squamous cell carcinoma]].
*Pronounced: "tuh-rij-ee-uhm".<ref>URL: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pterygium http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pterygium]. Accessed on: 20 October 2011</ref>
*Conjunctiva lesion that covers part of the sclera.
**Sclera = white part of the eye.<ref>URL: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002006/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002006/]. Accessed on: 20 October 2011.</ref>
*Benign.
*Due to ultraviolet light exposure, i.e. sunlight.<ref name=pmid2695353>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hill | first1 = JC. | last2 = Maske | first2 = R. | title = Pathogenesis of pterygium. | journal = Eye (Lond) | volume = 3 ( Pt 2) | issue =  | pages = 218-26 | month =  | year = 1989 | doi = 10.1038/eye.1989.31 | PMID = 2695353 | URL = http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v3/n2/abs/eye198931a.html }}</ref>
 
===Gross===
*Medial aspect of eye - covers sclera (white part) and part of the iris (coloured part).


Image:
Image:
*[http://trialx.com/curebyte/2011/05/31/what-does-pterygium-look-like/ Pterygium - gross (trialx.com)].
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085152/figure/F0003/ Conjunctival cyst (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid21572734>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Elshazly | first1 = LH. | title = A clinicopathologic study of excised conjunctival lesions. | journal = Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 48-54 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.4103/0974-9233.75886 | PMID = 21572734 }}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid2695353>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hill | first1 = JC. | last2 = Maske | first2 = R. | title = Pathogenesis of pterygium. | journal = Eye (Lond) | volume = 3 ( Pt 2) | issue = | pages = 218-26 | month = | year = 1989 | doi = 10.1038/eye.1989.31 | PMID = 2695353 | URL = http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v3/n2/abs/eye198931a.html }}</ref>
*Hyaline material beneath epithelium.
*Elastic fibres beneath the hyaline material.
*+/-Inflammation.
*[[Solar elastosis]].<ref name=uic_edu>URL: [http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpt/eyepath/specco4.htm http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpt/eyepath/specco4.htm]. Accessed on: 25 October 2011.</ref>
**Dense gray/light brown acellular material.
*Dilated vessels.<ref name=uic_edu>URL: [http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpt/eyepath/specco4.htm http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpt/eyepath/specco4.htm]. Accessed on: 25 October 2011.</ref>
 
DDx:
*Squamous dysplasia.
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid427069>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Clear | first1 = AS. | last2 = Chirambo | first2 = MC. | last3 = Hutt | first3 = MS. | title = Solar keratosis, pterygium, and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in Malawi. | journal = Br J Ophthalmol | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 102-9 | month = Feb | year = 1979 | doi =  | PMID = 427069 | PMC = 1043407 }}</ref>
 
Images:
*www:
**[http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpt/eyepath/specco4.htm Pterygium (uic.edu)].
*[[WC]]:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterygium_-_intermed_mag.jpg Pterygium - intermed. mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterygium_-_high_mag.jpg Pterygium - high mag. (WC)].


===Sign out===
===Sign out===
<pre>
<pre>
CONJUNCTIVA ("PTERYGIUM"), RIGHT, EXCISION:
CONJUNCTIVA, RIGHT SUPERIOR, BIOPSY:
- CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA WITH STROMAL ACTINIC CHANGES -- CONSISTENT WITH PTERYGIUM.
- BENIGN CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA -- COMPATIBLE WITH CYST LINIG.
</pre>
</pre>


<pre>
==Pinguecula==
CONJUNCTIVA ("PTERYGIUM"), RIGHT, EXCISION:
*Plural ''Pingueculae''.
- CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA WITH SOLAR ELASTOSIS AND DILATED SUPERFICIAL BLOOD VESSELS -- CONSISTENT WITH PTERYGIUM.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
</pre>
 
<pre>
CONJUNCTIVA ("PTERYGIUM"), RIGHT, EXCISION:
- CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA WITH STROMAL ACTINIC CHANGES -- CONSISTENT WITH PTERYGIUM.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
</pre>


==Eccrine hidrocystoma==
*Occasionally spelled ''eccrine hydrocystoma''.<ref name=pmid10065300/>
===General===
===General===
*Benign.
*Raizada ''et al.''<ref name=pmid1031388>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Raizada | first1 = IN. | last2 = Bhatnagar | first2 = NK. | title = Pinguecula and pterygium (a histopathological study). | journal = Indian J Ophthalmol | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 16-8 | month = Jul | year = 1976 | doi =  | PMID = 1031388 | URL = http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?2007/55/1/83/29517 }}</ref> suggest it is an early [[pterygium]]; however, this is disputed.
*Eyelid lesion.
*Due to ultraviolet light exposure, e.g. sunlight.<ref name=pmid2695353>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hill | first1 = JC. | last2 = Maske | first2 = R. | title = Pathogenesis of pterygium. | journal = Eye (Lond) | volume = 3 ( Pt 2) | issue = | pages = 218-26 | month = | year = 1989 | doi = 10.1038/eye.1989.31 | PMID = 2695353 | URL = http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v3/n2/abs/eye198931a.html }}</ref>
 
*Tend to be older than individuals afflicted with a pterygium.
Clinical DDx:<ref name=pmid10065300/>
*Cystic [[BCC]].
 
===Microsopic===
Features:
*Same histology as [[epidermal inclusion cyst]].<ref name=pmid10065300>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Adams | first1 = SP. | title = Dermacase. Eccrine hydrocystoma. | journal = Can Fam Physician | volume = 45 | issue = | pages = 297, 306 | month = Feb | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 10065300 |PMC = 2328272 }}</ref>
 
==Chalazion==
===General===
*Benign eye thingy that arises from the special sebaceous gland associated with the eyelid (Meibomian gland).
*Usually diagnosed based on clinical appearance - accuracy ~94% in one series.<ref name=pmid14762403>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ozdal | first1 = PC. | last2 = Codère | first2 = F. | last3 = Callejo | first3 = S. | last4 = Caissie | first4 = AL. | last5 = Burnier | first5 = MN. | title = Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of chalazion. | journal = Eye (Lond) | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 135-8 | month = Feb | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1038/sj.eye.6700603 | PMID = 14762403 | url = http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v18/n2/full/6700603a.html }}</ref>


===Gross===
===Gross===
*Focal eyelid swelling - typically upper eyelid.
*Yellow spot.
 
DDx (clinical):<ref name=pmid14762403/>
*[[Sebaceous cell carcinoma]].
*[[Basal cell carcinoma]].
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gradowka.jpg Chalazion (WC)].
*[http://eyewiki.aao.org/File:Chalazion2_01242005.jpg Chalazion (eyewiki.aao.org)].


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
*Lipogranulomas - '''key feature'''.<ref name=pmid14762403/>
*Similar to pterygium.<ref name=pmid2695353>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hill | first1 = JC. | last2 = Maske | first2 = R. | title = Pathogenesis of pterygium. | journal = Eye (Lond) | volume = 3 ( Pt 2) | issue = | pages = 218-26 | month = | year = 1989 | doi = 10.1038/eye.1989.31 | PMID = 2695353 | URL = http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v3/n2/abs/eye198931a.html }}</ref>
**[[Granuloma]]tous inflammation around clear spaces (lipid).<ref name=pmid15029054>{{Cite journal  | last1 = D'hermies | first1 = F. | last2 = Fayet | first2 = B. | last3 = Meyer | first3 = A. | last4 = Morel | first4 = X. | last5 = Halhal | first5 = M. | last6 = Elmaleh | first6 = C. | last7 = Azan | first7 = F. | last8 = Behar-Cohen | first8 = F. | last9 = Renard | first9 = G. | title = [Chalazion mimicking an eyelid tumor]. | journal = J Fr Ophtalmol | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 202-5 | month = Feb | year = 2004 | doi = | PMID = 15029054 }}</ref>
**Multinucleated giant cells - common.
***+/-[[Touton giant cell]]s.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212709-workup http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212709-workup]. Accessed on: 9 February 2012.</ref>
*Plasma cells - abundant - '''important'''.


Images:
==Pterygium==
*[http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v18/n2/fig_tab/6700603f1.html#figure-title Chalazion and its clinical DDx (nature.com)].<ref name=pmid14762403/>
*[[AKA]] surfer eye.
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chalazion_of_the_Eyelid.jpg Chalazion (WC/euthman)].
{{Main|Pterygium}}
*[http://www.surgical-pathology.com/chala.JPG Chalazion (surgical-pathology.com)].<ref>URL: [http://www.surgical-pathology.com/chalazion.htm http://www.surgical-pathology.com/chalazion.htm]. Accessed on: 24 January 2012.</ref>
*[http://www.surgicalpathologyatlas.com/glfusion/mediagallery/media.php?f=0&sort=0&s=20080802170139555 Chalazion (surgicalpathologyatlas.com)].


===Sign out===
==Eccrine hidrocystoma==
<pre>
*Occasionally spelled ''eccrine hydrocystoma''.<ref name=pmid10065300/>
EYELID LESION, RIGHT UPPER, BIOPSY:
{{Main|Eccrine hidrocystoma}}
- LIPOGRANULOMAS.
- LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC RICH INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE.
- GRANULATION TISSUE.
- REACTIVE SQUAMOUS MUCOSA.


COMMENT:
==Chalazion==
The findings are consistent with a chalazion.
{{Main|Chalazion}}
 
Special stains (ZN, PASD, GMS) did not demonstrate microorganisms.
</pre>
====Micro====
The sections show a reactive squamous mucosa with palisading granulomas that surround clear spaces (lipid). This is accompanied by a lymphoplasmacytic rich inflammatory infiltrate. Granulation tissue is present. Rare multinucleated giant cells are identified. Neutrophils are numerous and seen in association with the histiocytes.
 
No significant nuclear atypia is apparent.


==Retinal hemorrhage==
==Retinal hemorrhage==
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===General===
===General===
*Rare, benign eyelid disorder.<ref name=pmid19298902>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Koursh | first1 = DM. | last2 = Modjtahedi | first2 = SP. | last3 = Selva | first3 = D. | last4 = Leibovitch | first4 = I. | title = The blepharochalasis syndrome. | journal = Surv Ophthalmol | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 235-44 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.12.005 | PMID = 19298902 }}</ref>
*Rare, benign eyelid disorder.<ref name=pmid19298902>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Koursh | first1 = DM. | last2 = Modjtahedi | first2 = SP. | last3 = Selva | first3 = D. | last4 = Leibovitch | first4 = I. | title = The blepharochalasis syndrome. | journal = Surv Ophthalmol | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 235-44 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.12.005 | PMID = 19298902 }}</ref>
*Upper eyelids +/-lower eyelids (severe cases).<ref name=pmid19298902/>


Clinical:
Clinical:
*Swelling of eyelids - recurrent.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bergin | first1 = DJ. | last2 = McCord | first2 = CD. | last3 = Berger | first3 = T. | last4 = Friedberg | first4 = H. | last5 = Waterhouse | first5 = W. | title = Blepharochalasis. | journal = Br J Ophthalmol | volume = 72 | issue = 11 | pages = 863-7 | month = Nov | year = 1988 | doi =  | PMID = 3207663 }}</ref>
*Swelling of eyelids - recurrent.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bergin | first1 = DJ. | last2 = McCord | first2 = CD. | last3 = Berger | first3 = T. | last4 = Friedberg | first4 = H. | last5 = Waterhouse | first5 = W. | title = Blepharochalasis. | journal = Br J Ophthalmol | volume = 72 | issue = 11 | pages = 863-7 | month = Nov | year = 1988 | doi =  | PMID = 3207663 }}</ref>
*Children and adolescents.
*Onset in childhood.
*Leads to ptosis.
*Leads to ptosis.
Clinical DDx:<ref name=pmid19298902/>
*Recurrent angioedema.
*Hereditary angioedema.
*[[Contact dermatitis]].
*Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.
*Dermatochalasis.
*Floppy-eyelid syndrome.
*Lax eyelid syndrome.
*Cutis laxa.
Note:
*The term may be abused; it may be used when an eyelid tuck is done for other reasons.{{fact}}


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Line 258: Line 247:


DDx:
DDx:
*[[Angioedema]].<ref name=pmid19380685>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wang | first1 = G. | last2 = Li | first2 = C. | last3 = Gao | first3 = T. | title = Blepharochalasis: a rare condition misdiagnosed as recurrent angioedema. | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 145 | issue = 4 | pages = 498-9 | month = Apr | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.19 | PMID = 19380685 }}</ref>
*Angioedema.<ref name=pmid19380685>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wang | first1 = G. | last2 = Li | first2 = C. | last3 = Gao | first3 = T. | title = Blepharochalasis: a rare condition misdiagnosed as recurrent angioedema. | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 145 | issue = 4 | pages = 498-9 | month = Apr | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.19 | PMID = 19380685 }}</ref>


===Stains===
===Stains===
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</pre>
</pre>


=Malignant entities=
====Lower eyelids in an older individual labelled blepharochalasis====
==Retinoblastoma==
<pre>
===General===
A. EYELID, LEFT LOWER, BLEPHAROPLASTY:
*Rare.
- BENIGN SKIN WITH MILD SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
*Malignant.
- BENIGN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.
*May be familial.<ref name=pmid20687510>{{cite journal |author=Lohmann D |title=Retinoblastoma |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=685 |issue= |pages=220–7 |year=2010 |pmid=20687510 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
 
B. EYELID, RIGHT LOWER, BLEPHAROPLASTY:
- BENIGN SKIN WITH MILD SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
- BENIGN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
</pre>
 
==Papilloma of the caruncle==
{{Main|Eye papilloma}}


===Gross===
==Corneal ulcer==
*White, solid.
{{Main|Corneal ulcer}}
*Patterns:
**Endophytic - grow into the  vitreous cavity.
**Exophytic - grow toward choroid.
**Mixed - components of endophytic and exophytic.


Image:
==Keratoconus==
*[http://radiopaedia.org/cases/retinoblastoma-gross-pathology Retinoblastoma (radiopaedia.org/AFIP)].
{{Main|Keratoconus}}


Note:
==Corneal scar==
*Tumour is extremely friable.
===General===
*Trauma to the cornea.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
*[[Small round cell tumour]]:
*Compact hyaline tissue - darker staining.
**Scant cytoplasm.
*Fibroblasts.
*Flexner-Wintersteiner [[rosette]] - '''key feature'''.
**Rosette with empty centre (donut hole).<ref name=pmid16551982>{{cite journal |author=Wippold FJ, Perry A |title=Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: rosettes and pseudorosettes |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=488–92 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16551982 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*+/-Homer-Wright rosette.<ref>WH. 14 March 2011.</ref>
**Circular rosette with neuropil at the centre.<ref name=pmid16551982>{{cite journal |author=Wippold FJ, Perry A |title=Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: rosettes and pseudorosettes |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=488–92 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16551982 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Mitoses - common.
*+/-Necrosis.
*+/-Calcification.


DDx:
DDx:
*Retinocytoma (retinoma) - benign counterpart of retinoblastoma.
*Squamous dysplasia.
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
Corneal Button, Right Eye, Keratoplasty:
- Consistent with corneal scar.
- NEGATIVE for dysplasia.
</pre>


Notes:
==Conjunctival nevus==
*DDx of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette includes:
{{Main|Conjunctival nevus}}
**Pineoblastoma.
**Medulloepithelioma.


Image:
=Tumours of the eye=
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/O0A001-PQ01-M.htm Retinoblastoma (ouhsc.edu)].
==Optic glioma==
*[http://www.pathpedia.com/Education/eAtlas/Histopathology/eye_and_ocular_adnexa/retinoblastoma.aspx Retinoblastoma (pathpedia.com)].
===General===
*Associated with [[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1.
* Often nerve sheath thickening or tortuosity.
* Approx 3% of all pediatric gliomas.
* Histology in most cases a [[pilocytic astrocytoma]].
 
==Retinoblastoma==
{{Main|Retinoblastoma}}


==Malignant melanoma==
==Malignant melanoma==
Line 325: Line 325:
*[[Lacrimal gland]].
*[[Lacrimal gland]].
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Descemet's membrane]].


=References=
=References=
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Weird stuff]]
[[Category:Eye]]
[[Category:Neuropathology]]
[[Category:Neuropathology]]

Latest revision as of 17:39, 17 November 2022

Illustration of the eye. (Gray's Anatomy/WC)
Micrograph showing the optic nerve head and retina. H&E stain. (WC)

The eye is rarely seen by pathologists. Typically, they go to neuropathologists, as the eye is really part of the brain. The article also covers many of the lesions found around the eye. The lacrimal gland is covered in the lacrimal gland article. Eyelid lesions are covered in the eyelid article.

An introduction to neuropathology is in the neuropathology article.

Procedures

  • Evisceration - eye muscles left intact.
  • Enucleation.
  • Exenteration - extensive resection.

Anatomy

Anterior to posterior

  1. Cornea.
  2. Iris.
  3. Lens.
  4. Conjunctiva - edge of cornea.
  5. Sclera.

Optic nerve

  • Surrounded by CSF.
  • Covered by dura.

Images

  • CN II - very low mag. (WC)

  • CN II - low mag. (WC)

  • CN II - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • CN II - high mag. (WC)

Inside to outside

  1. Retina.
  2. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
  3. Choroid.
  4. Sclera.

Image

  • Optic nerve head and retina - low mag. (WC)

Anterior angle

  • Angle between cornea and iris.

Canthi

The canthi are where the upper and lower eyelids meet:

  • Medial canthus.
  • Lateral canthus.

Note:

Histology

Eye muscles

  • The muscles that move the eye have a high nerve:muscle ratio = ~1:4.[2]
    • Other muscles in the body ~1:250.

Conjunctiva

Features:[3]

  • Stratified squamous.
    • May be stratified columnar
  • Goblet cells.

Cornea

Layers:[4]

  1. Epithelium layer.
    • Squamoid cells.
  2. Bowman's layer.
    • Indistinct.
  3. Stroma.
    • Fibrous tissue.
    • No blood vessels.
  4. Descemet’s layer.
    • Indistinct.
    • PAS -ve.
  5. Endothelium.
    • Single layer.

Retina

Retina. (WC)

Simplified structure - eosinophilic material separating:

  1. Intermediate size, round, pale-staining nuclei (ganglion cells).
  2. Two layers of small round nuclei (inner and outer nuclear layer).
  3. Eosinophilic ellipsoid structures - rods/cones (photoreceptors).
  4. Single layer of cuboidal cells (retinal pigment epithelium.

Detailed structure - in direction light travels:

  1. Inner limiting membrane.
  2. Nerve fibre layer.
  3. Ganglion layer.
  4. Inner plexiform layer.
  5. Inner nuclear layer.
  6. Outer plexiform layer.
  7. Outer nuclear layer.
  8. Layer of rods and cones.
  9. External limiting membrane.
  10. Retinal pigment epithelium.

Images

  • Retina - schematic. (WC/Gray's)

  • Optic nerve & retina - low mag. (WC)

  • Retina - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Retina - high mag. (WC)

www:

Eye structures with melanocytes

Melanoma may arise from these sites:

  • Iris.
  • Conjunctiva.
  • Ciliary bodies.
  • Choroid.

Benign entities

Conjunctivitis

General

  • Benign.
  • Never biopsied.
    • It is an incidental finding in a biopsy for something else.

Gross

  • Red eye.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Conjunctival epithelium - stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells.
  • Inflammatory cells.

Conjunctival cyst

Conjunctival cyst
External resources
EHVSC 10173

General

  • Rare.
  • May be due to surgery, trauma, or congenital (very rare).[5]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Conjunctival mucosa with atypia.
    • Stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells.

DDx:

Image:

Sign out

CONJUNCTIVA, RIGHT SUPERIOR, BIOPSY:
- BENIGN CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA -- COMPATIBLE WITH CYST LINIG.

Pinguecula

  • Plural Pingueculae.

General

  • Raizada et al.[7] suggest it is an early pterygium; however, this is disputed.
  • Due to ultraviolet light exposure, e.g. sunlight.[8]
  • Tend to be older than individuals afflicted with a pterygium.

Gross

  • Yellow spot.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Similar to pterygium.[8]

Pterygium

  • AKA surfer eye.
Main article: Pterygium

Eccrine hidrocystoma

  • Occasionally spelled eccrine hydrocystoma.[9]
Main article: Eccrine hidrocystoma

Chalazion

Main article: Chalazion

Retinal hemorrhage

See Traumatic brain injury in infants.

Image:

Glaucoma

General

  • Leading cause of irreversible blindness.

Classification:

  • Open angle - more common.
  • Closed angle.

Microscopic

Features (closed angle):

  • Cornea and iris opposed to one another.

Retinal detachment

General

  • Blindness.

Causes:

  • Trauma (classic) - pathologist doesn't usually see.
  • Tumours - common in pathology specimens.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Retina separated from retinal pigment epithelium.
  • Eosinophilic exudate containing macrophages.

Blepharochalasis

General

  • Rare, benign eyelid disorder.[11]
  • Upper eyelids +/-lower eyelids (severe cases).[11]

Clinical:

  • Swelling of eyelids - recurrent.[12]
  • Onset in childhood.
  • Leads to ptosis.

Clinical DDx:[11]

  • Recurrent angioedema.
  • Hereditary angioedema.
  • Contact dermatitis.
  • Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.
  • Dermatochalasis.
  • Floppy-eyelid syndrome.
  • Lax eyelid syndrome.
  • Cutis laxa.

Note:

  • The term may be abused; it may be used when an eyelid tuck is done for other reasons.[citation needed]

Microscopic

Features:[11]

  • Edema.

DDx:

Stains

  • Elastin stain - shows loss of elastin.[14]

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EYELID, LEFT UPPER, PTOSIS REPAIR:
- SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
- SUBEPITHELIAL TISSUE WITH MILD EDEMA.
- SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.

Lower eyelids in an older individual labelled blepharochalasis

A. EYELID, LEFT LOWER, BLEPHAROPLASTY:
- BENIGN SKIN WITH MILD SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
- BENIGN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.

B. EYELID, RIGHT LOWER, BLEPHAROPLASTY:
- BENIGN SKIN WITH MILD SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
- BENIGN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.

Papilloma of the caruncle

Main article: Eye papilloma

Corneal ulcer

Main article: Corneal ulcer

Keratoconus

Main article: Keratoconus

Corneal scar

General

  • Trauma to the cornea.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Compact hyaline tissue - darker staining.
  • Fibroblasts.

DDx:

  • Squamous dysplasia.

Sign out

Corneal Button, Right Eye, Keratoplasty:
- Consistent with corneal scar.
- NEGATIVE for dysplasia.

Conjunctival nevus

Main article: Conjunctival nevus

Tumours of the eye

Optic glioma

General

Retinoblastoma

Main article: Retinoblastoma

Malignant melanoma

Main article: Malignant melanoma

Common malignancy in the eye in adults.

See also

References

  1. ↑ URL: https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2372910. Accessed on: 2022 Nov 17.
  2. ↑ Bilbao. 24 November 2010.
  3. ↑ URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm. Accessed on: 20 October 2011.
  4. ↑ URL: http://www.ophthobook.com/questions/question-name-the-layers-of-the-cornea-and-their-function. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.
  5. ↑ Robb, RM.; Elliott, AT.; Robson, CD. (Apr 2012). "Developmental conjunctival cyst of the eyelid in a child.". J AAPOS 16 (2): 196-8. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.02.001. PMID 22525180.
  6. ↑ Elshazly, LH. (Jan 2011). "A clinicopathologic study of excised conjunctival lesions.". Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 18 (1): 48-54. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.75886. PMID 21572734.
  7. ↑ Raizada, IN.; Bhatnagar, NK. (Jul 1976). "Pinguecula and pterygium (a histopathological study).". Indian J Ophthalmol 24 (2): 16-8. PMID 1031388.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hill, JC.; Maske, R. (1989). "Pathogenesis of pterygium.". Eye (Lond) 3 ( Pt 2): 218-26. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.31. PMID 2695353.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pmid10065300
  10. ↑ URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/fofrm.html. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Koursh, DM.; Modjtahedi, SP.; Selva, D.; Leibovitch, I.. "The blepharochalasis syndrome.". Surv Ophthalmol 54 (2): 235-44. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.12.005. PMID 19298902.
  12. ↑ Bergin, DJ.; McCord, CD.; Berger, T.; Friedberg, H.; Waterhouse, W. (Nov 1988). "Blepharochalasis.". Br J Ophthalmol 72 (11): 863-7. PMID 3207663.
  13. ↑ Wang, G.; Li, C.; Gao, T. (Apr 2009). "Blepharochalasis: a rare condition misdiagnosed as recurrent angioedema.". Arch Dermatol 145 (4): 498-9. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.19. PMID 19380685.
  14. ↑ Kaneoya, K.; Momota, Y.; Hatamochi, A.; Matsumoto, F.; Arima, Y.; Miyachi, Y.; Shinkai, H.; Utani, A. (Jan 2005). "Elastin gene expression in blepharochalasis.". J Dermatol 32 (1): 26-9. PMID 15841657.
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