Latest revision as of 18:28, 22 November 2011

Heart transplant pathology is a niche in cardiac pathology.

Overview - table

Types of rejection^[1]

Type (grade)	Description	Details	Image
antibody-mediated rejection (acute vascular)	edema, dilated small vessels	scant inflammation	acute
normal (0R)	normal	no extravascular monocytes
acute cellular (1R)	(perivascular) inflammatory infiltrate, myocyte damage	scant interstitial infiltrate (lymphoplasmacytic), scant damage	mild cellular
acute cellular (2R)	(perivascular) inflammatory space-occupying lesion	diffuse interstitial infiltrate displaces parenchyma (lymphoplasmacytic), obvious damage (myocyte eosinophilia or drop-out)	mod. cellular, mod. cellular resolving
acute cellular (3R)	disruption of normal arch.	diffuse interstitial infiltrate disrupts parenchyma (lymphoplasmic & PMNs), fibre loss/damage
chronic	concentric intimal thicking	internal elastic lamina preserved (unlike atherosclerosis)	chronic, chronic

Pitfalls^[1]

Name	Description	Details	Image
Quilty effect	endocardial/subendocardial B-lymphocytes (in clusters)	may extend into myocardium, not assoc. with blood vessels +/-myocyte damage; benign behaviour clinically	Quilty effect, Quilty effect
Old biopsy site	hemosiderin-laden macrophages	fibrosis/myocyte replacement	old Bx site

Mimics

Biopsy site reaction

General

Can be confused for rejection.

Microscopic

Features:

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
+/-Fibrosis/myofibre loss-replacement.
+/-Scant inflammatory infiltration.

Image: Biopsy site (pathconsultddx.com).

Quilty effect

AKA endocardial lymphocytic infiltrate.^[2]

General

Can be confused for rejection.
Benign behaviour.

Trivia:

The name Quilty comes from the patient in which this was first recognized.

Microscopic

Features:^[3]

Lymphocytes in clusters (B cells and T cells).
- Associated with the endocardium ("endothelium of the heart"), i.e. on the surface - key feature.
- Often have capillaries in centre; usu. not associated with large blood vessels.
- Lymphocytes separated by collagen.

Notes:

No longer subclassified.^[2]
- Traditional classification (by location):
  - Quilty A: Endocardial/subendocardial.
  - Quilty B: Endocardial/subendocardial + myocardium.
    - +/-Myocyte damage.^[4]

Images:

IHC

Mix of T cell and B cells:^[3]

CD3 +ve.
CD20 +ve.

Notes:

ACR is T cells.^[3]

Coronary atherosclerosis (ischemic injury)

General

Usu. early - related to atherosclerosis in the donor heart.
Not typically biopsied. (???)

Microscopic

Features:

Findings seen in atherosclerosis.

Rejection

It comes in different flavours:^[5]

Antibody-mediated rejection (acute vascular rejection).
Acute cellular rejection.
Chronic rejection.

Antibody-mediated rejection

Abbreviated as AMR.

General

AKA acute vascular rejection, hyperacute rejection, humoral rejection.^[2]^[6]

Microscopic

Features:^[7]

Edema.
Dilated small vessels.
Scant inflammatory infiltrate.
- Macrophage margination.^[8] (???)

Image:

Acute rejection (pathconsultddx.com).

IHC

Features:^[2]

C4d.
C3d.

Acute cellular rejection

General

Common form of rejection.

Microscopic

Features:

Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, usu. deep.
Reactive endothelium.
+/-Myocardial eosinophilia.
+/-Expansion of perivascular space.

Notes:

The main DDx is a Quilty lesion - these are attached to the surface and are typically not associated with a blood vessel.

Grading - comparison

Grading scheme 2004/1990:^[9]

Grade 2004	Grade 1990	Description	Details	Image
0R	0	normal	no extravascular monocytes
1R	1A	infiltrate, myocyte damage	scant interstitial infiltrate (lymphoplasmic), scant damage	mild
1R	1B	infiltrate, myocyte damage	diffuse interstitial infiltrate (lymphoplasmic), focal damage
1R	2	infiltrate, myocyte damage	diffuse interstitial infiltrate (lymphoplasmic), obvious damage
2R	3A	space-occupying lesion	diffuse interstitial infiltrate displaces parenchyma (lymphoplasmic), obvious damage	mod., mod. resolving
3R	3B	disruption of normal arch.	diffuse interstitial infiltrate disrupts parenchyma (lymphoplasmic & PMNs), obvious damage
3R	4	disruption of normal arch.	diffuse interstitial infiltrate disrupts parenchyma (lymphoplasmic & PMNs), fibre loss

Chronic rejection

General

AKA transplant arteriopathy or cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
Thought to be a form of accelerated atherosclerosis.^[10]

Microscopic

Features:^[11]

Concentric intimal thickening.
Preservation of internal elastic lamina.

Images:

Notes:

Morphologically vaguely similar to atherosclerosis.

Other

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Main article: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Abbreviated PTLD.

General

Rare.
Associated with EBV.^[13]

Microscopic

Features:

Large cell lymphoma - see DLBCL.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 136-7. ISBN 978-0781765275.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Tan CD, Baldwin WM, Rodriguez ER (August 2007). "Update on cardiac transplantation pathology". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131 (8): 1169–91. PMID 17683180.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview. Accessed on: 8 March 2011.
↑ Winters GL (March 1997). "The challenge of endomyocardial biopsy interpretation in assessing cardiac allograft rejection". Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 12 (2): 146–52. PMID 9192483.
↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview. Accessed on: 9 Febraury 2011.
↑ Olsen SL, Wagoner LE, Hammond EH, et al. (1993). "Vascular rejection in heart transplantation: clinical correlation, treatment options, and future considerations". J. Heart Lung Transplant. 12 (2): S135–42. PMID 8476883.
↑ URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig4. Accessed on: 7 January 2011.
↑ Lee CY, Lotfi-Emran S, Erdinc M, et al. (November 2007). "The involvement of FcR mechanisms in antibody-mediated rejection". Transplantation 84 (10): 1324–34. doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000287457.54761.53. PMID 18049118.
↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 136. ISBN 978-0781765275.
↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 137. ISBN 978-0781765275.
↑ URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig5. Accessed on: 7 January 2011.
↑ URL: http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/ucla-team-uncovers-mechanism-behind-179330.aspx. Accessed on: 7 January 2011.
↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/431364-overview. Accessed on: 10 February 2011.

External links

[Ref_WMSP136-7-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 136-7. ISBN 978-0781765275.

[pmid17683180-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Tan CD, Baldwin WM, Rodriguez ER (August 2007). "Update on cardiac transplantation pathology". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131 (8): 1169–91. PMID 17683180.

[emed_htp-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview. Accessed on: 8 March 2011.

[pmid9192483-4] Winters GL (March 1997). "The challenge of endomyocardial biopsy interpretation in assessing cardiac allograft rejection". Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 12 (2): 146–52. PMID 9192483.

[5] URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview. Accessed on: 9 Febraury 2011.

[6] Olsen SL, Wagoner LE, Hammond EH, et al. (1993). "Vascular rejection in heart transplantation: clinical correlation, treatment options, and future considerations". J. Heart Lung Transplant. 12 (2): S135–42. PMID 8476883.

[7] URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig4. Accessed on: 7 January 2011.

[8] Lee CY, Lotfi-Emran S, Erdinc M, et al. (November 2007). "The involvement of FcR mechanisms in antibody-mediated rejection". Transplantation 84 (10): 1324–34. doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000287457.54761.53. PMID 18049118.

[Ref_WMSP136-9] Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 136. ISBN 978-0781765275.

[Ref_WMSP137-10] Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 137. ISBN 978-0781765275.

[11] URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig5. Accessed on: 7 January 2011.

[12] URL: http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/ucla-team-uncovers-mechanism-behind-179330.aspx. Accessed on: 7 January 2011.

[13] URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/431364-overview. Accessed on: 10 February 2011.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''[[Heart]] transplant pathology''' is a niche in [[cardiac pathology]].
-It comes in different flavours:
-*Acute vascular rejection.
-*Cellular rejection.
-*Chronic rejection.
 ==Overview - table==
-Grading scheme 2004/1990:<ref>{{Ref WMSP|136}}</ref>
+===Types of rejection<ref name=Ref_WMSP136-7>{{Ref WMSP|136-7}}</ref>===
 {| class="wikitable"
 | Type (grade)
@@ Line 14: / Line 9: @@
 | Image
 |-
-| acute
+| antibody-mediated rejection (acute vascular)
 | edema, dilated small vessels
 | scant inflammation
-| [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig4]
+| [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig4 acute]
 |-
-| cellular (0R)
+| normal (0R)
 | normal
 | no extravascular monocytes
 |
 |-
-| cellular (1R)
+| acute cellular (1R)
-| infiltrate, myocyte damage
+| (perivascular) inflammatory infiltrate, myocyte damage
-| scant interstitial infiltrate (lymphoplasmic), scant damage
+| scant interstitial infiltrate (lymphoplasmacytic), scant damage
-| [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig1 mild]
+| [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig1 mild cellular]
 |-
-| cellular (2R)
+| acute cellular (2R)
-| space-occupying lesion
+| (perivascular) inflammatory space-occupying lesion
-| diffuse interstitial infiltrate displaces parenchyma (lymphoplasmic), obvious damage
+| diffuse interstitial infiltrate displaces parenchyma (lymphoplasmacytic), obvious damage (myocyte eosinophilia or drop-out)
-| [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig2 mod.], [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig3 mod. resolving]
+| [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig2 mod. cellular], [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig3 mod. cellular resolving]
 |-
-| cellular (3R)
+| acute cellular (3R)
 | disruption of normal arch.
-| diffuse interstitial infiltrate disrupts parenchyma (lymphoplasmic & PMNs), fibre loss/damage
+| diffuse interstitial infiltrate disrupts parenchyma (lymphoplasmic & [[PMN]]s), fibre loss/damage
 |
 |-
 | chronic
 | concentric intimal thicking
-| internal elastic lamina preserved (unlike atherosclerosis)
+| internal elastic lamina preserved (unlike [[atherosclerosis]])
-| [http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/srp-view.aspx?id=118724], [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig5]
+| [http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/srp-view.aspx?id=118724 chronic], [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig5 chronic]
 |}
+===Pitfalls<ref name=Ref_WMSP136-7>{{Ref WMSP|136-7}}</ref>===
+{| class="wikitable"
+| Name
+| Description
+| Details
+| Image
+|-
+| Quilty effect
+| endocardial/subendocardial B-lymphocytes (in clusters)
+| may extend into myocardium, not assoc. with blood vessels +/-myocyte damage; benign behaviour clinically
+| [http://medeponyms.com/entry/7/ Quilty effect], [http://www.e-heart.org/Pages/08_Heart_Transplant/08_Heart_Transplant_ELI%20_001.htm Quilty effect]
+|-
+| Old biopsy site
+| hemosiderin-laden macrophages
+| fibrosis/myocyte replacement
+| [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig6 old Bx site]
+|}
+=Mimics=
 ==Biopsy site reaction==
 ===General===
@@ Line 58: / Line 71: @@
 Image: [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig6 Biopsy site (pathconsultddx.com)].
-==Acute rejection==
+==Quilty effect==
+*[[AKA]] ''endocardial lymphocytic infiltrate''.<ref name=pmid17683180>{{cite journal |author=Tan CD, Baldwin WM, Rodriguez ER |title=Update on cardiac transplantation pathology |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=8 |pages=1169–91 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17683180 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+===General===
+*Can be confused for rejection.
+*Benign behaviour.
+Trivia:
+*The name ''Quilty'' comes from the patient in which this was first recognized.
+===Microscopic===
+Features:<ref name=emed_htp>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview]. Accessed on: 8 March 2011.</ref>
+*Lymphocytes in clusters (B cells and T cells).
+**Associated with the endocardium ("endothelium of the heart"), i.e. on the surface - '''key feature'''.
+**Often have capillaries in centre; usu. not associated with large blood vessels.
+**Lymphocytes separated by collagen.
+Notes:
+*No longer subclassified.<ref name=pmid17683180/>
+**Traditional classification (by location):
+***Quilty A: Endocardial/subendocardial.
+***Quilty B: Endocardial/subendocardial + myocardium.
+****+/-Myocyte damage.<ref name=pmid9192483>{{cite journal |author=Winters GL |title=The challenge of endomyocardial biopsy interpretation in assessing cardiac allograft rejection |journal=Curr. Opin. Cardiol. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=146–52 |year=1997 |month=March |pmid=9192483 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+Images:
+*[http://medeponyms.com/entry/7/ Quilty effect (medeponyms.com)].
+*[http://www.e-heart.org/Pages/08_Heart_Transplant/08_Heart_Transplant_ELI%20_001.htm Quilty effect (e-heart.org)].
+===IHC===
+Mix of T cell and B cells:<ref name=emed_htp>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview]. Accessed on: 8 March 2011.</ref>
+*CD3 +ve.
+*CD20 +ve.
+Notes:
+*ACR is T cells.<ref name=emed_htp>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview]. Accessed on: 8 March 2011.</ref>
+==Coronary atherosclerosis (ischemic injury)==
+===General===
+*Usu. early - related to atherosclerosis in the donor heart.
+*Not typically biopsied. (???)
+===Microscopic===
+Features:
+*Findings seen in [[atherosclerosis]].
+=Rejection=
+It comes in different flavours:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview]. Accessed on: 9 Febraury 2011.</ref>
+*Antibody-mediated rejection (acute vascular rejection).
+*Acute cellular rejection.
+*Chronic rejection.
+==Antibody-mediated rejection==
+*Abbreviated as ''AMR''.
+===General===
+*[[AKA]] ''acute vascular rejection'', ''hyperacute rejection'', ''humoral rejection''.<ref name=pmid17683180>{{cite journal |author=Tan CD, Baldwin WM, Rodriguez ER |title=Update on cardiac transplantation pathology |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=8 |pages=1169–91 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17683180 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Olsen SL, Wagoner LE, Hammond EH, ''et al.'' |title=Vascular rejection in heart transplantation: clinical correlation, treatment options, and future considerations |journal=J. Heart Lung Transplant. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=S135–42 |year=1993 |pmid=8476883 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ===Microscopic===
 Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig4 http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig4]. Accessed on: 7 January 2011.</ref>
@@ Line 64: / Line 132: @@
 *Dilated small vessels.
 *Scant inflammatory infiltrate.
+**Macrophage margination.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee CY, Lotfi-Emran S, Erdinc M, ''et al.'' |title=The involvement of FcR mechanisms in antibody-mediated rejection |journal=Transplantation |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1324–34 |year=2007 |month=November |pmid=18049118 |doi=10.1097/01.tp.0000287457.54761.53 |url=}}</ref> (???)
 Image:
 *[http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7&figureId=fig4 Acute rejection (pathconsultddx.com)].
-==Cellular rejection==
+===IHC===
-Grading scheme 2004/1990:<ref>{{Ref WMSP|136}}</ref>
+Features:<ref name=pmid17683180>{{cite journal |author=Tan CD, Baldwin WM, Rodriguez ER |title=Update on cardiac transplantation pathology |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=8 |pages=1169–91 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17683180 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[C4d]].
+*C3d.
+==Acute cellular rejection==
+===General===
+*Common form of rejection.
+===Microscopic===
+Features:
+*Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, usu. deep.
+*Reactive endothelium.
+*+/-Myocardial eosinophilia.
+*+/-Expansion of perivascular space.
+Notes:
+*The main DDx is a Quilty lesion - these are attached to the surface and are typically not associated with a blood vessel.
+===Grading - comparison===
+Grading scheme 2004/1990:<ref name=Ref_WMSP136>{{Ref WMSP|136}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
 | Grade 2004
@@ Line 121: / Line 209: @@
 ==Chronic rejection==
+===General===
+*[[AKA]] ''transplant arteriopathy'' or ''cardiac allograft vasculopathy''.
+*Thought to be a form of accelerated atherosclerosis.<ref name=Ref_WMSP137>{{Ref WMSP|137}}</ref>
 ===Microscopic===
@@ Line 132: / Line 223: @@
 Notes:
-*Vague similar to atherosclerosis.
+*Morphologically vaguely similar to atherosclerosis.
+=Other=
+==Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder==
+{{Main|Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder}}
+*Abbreviated ''PTLD''.
+===General===
+*Rare.
+*Associated with [[EBV]].<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/431364-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/431364-overview]. Accessed on: 10 February 2011.</ref>
+===Microscopic===
+Features:
+*Large cell lymphoma - see [[DLBCL]].
-==See also==
+=See also=
 *[[Heart]].
 *[[Lung transplant pathology]].
-==References==
+=References=
-{{Reflist|1}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
-==External links==
+=External links=
 *[http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970592-7 Heart transplant rejection (pathconsultddx.com)].
+*[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612493-overview Heart transplant rejection (emedicine.medscape.com)].
 [[Category: Cardiovascular pathology]]

Difference between revisions of "Heart transplant pathology"

Latest revision as of 18:28, 22 November 2011

Contents

Overview - table

Types of rejection^[1]

Pitfalls^[1]

Mimics

Biopsy site reaction

General

Microscopic

Quilty effect

General

Microscopic

IHC

Coronary atherosclerosis (ischemic injury)

General

Microscopic

Rejection

Antibody-mediated rejection

General

Microscopic

IHC

Acute cellular rejection

General

Microscopic

Grading - comparison

Chronic rejection

General

Microscopic

Other

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

General

Microscopic

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search

Difference between revisions of "Heart transplant pathology"

Latest revision as of 18:28, 22 November 2011

Overview - table

Types of rejection[1]

Pitfalls[1]

Mimics

Biopsy site reaction

General

Microscopic

Quilty effect

General

Microscopic

IHC

Coronary atherosclerosis (ischemic injury)

General

Microscopic

Rejection

Antibody-mediated rejection

General

Microscopic

IHC

Acute cellular rejection

General

Microscopic

Grading - comparison

Chronic rejection

General

Microscopic

Other

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

General

Microscopic

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search

Types of rejection^[1]

Pitfalls^[1]