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Difference between revisions of "Urothelium"
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===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*These lesions lack papillae and are typical flat. | *These lesions lack papillae and are typical flat. | ||
*Clinically, it may not be possible to differentiate renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma and [[renal cell carcinoma]]. | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
Features: | Features: | ||
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*Cells become dyscohesive. | *Cells become dyscohesive. | ||
**Mostly useless in my experience. | **Mostly useless in my experience. | ||
Invasion vs. in situ: | |||
Useful features - present in invasion:<ref>Sternberg, H4P, P.2047.</ref> | |||
*Thin-walled vessels. | |||
*Stromal reaction (hypercellularity). | |||
*Retraction artefact around the tumour cell nests. | |||
====Staging==== | |||
*T1 - lamina propria. | |||
**Several subdivisions of T1 exist:<ref>Sternberg, H4P 4th Ed., P.2048-9.</ref> | |||
***T1a - superficial or in muscularis mucosae. | |||
***T1b - beyond muscularis mucosae - into submucosa. | |||
*T2 - muscularis propria. | |||
====Subtypes==== | |||
There are numerous subtypes:<ref>URL: [http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v22/n2s/full/modpathol200926a.html http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v22/n2s/full/modpathol200926a.html]. Accessed on: 19 August 2011.</ref> | |||
*Squamous differentiation. | |||
*Clear cell. | |||
*Plasmacytoid. | |||
**Abundant gray cytoplasm, eccentric nucleus. | |||
*Micropapillary. | |||
**Small nests (< ~10 cells/nest). | |||
*Many others... | |||
===[[IHC]]=== | ===[[IHC]]=== | ||
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**Papillae branch. | **Papillae branch. | ||
*Mitoses common. | *Mitoses common. | ||
=Benign urothelial lesions= | =Benign urothelial lesions= | ||
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*Brunn nests with cuboidal and columnar epithelium. | *Brunn nests with cuboidal and columnar epithelium. | ||
== | ==Malakoplakia== | ||
{{ | {{Malakoplakia}} | ||
==Nephrogenic metaplasia== | ==Nephrogenic metaplasia== | ||