Testis: Difference between revisions

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update the term ITGCN --> GCNIS
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Image:Leydig_cells_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Leydig cells - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Leydig_cells_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Leydig cells - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
</gallery>
====Associated structures====
*[[Epididymis]] - stores the sperm.
**Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia.
Image:
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=3&Case=27 Epididymis (webpathology.com)].


====Rete testis====
====Rete testis====
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www:
www:
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=27&n=5 Rete testis (webpathology.com)].
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=27&n=5 Rete testis (webpathology.com)].
====Associated structures====
====Epididymis====
{{main|Epididymis}}
*[[Epididymis]] - stores the sperm.
**Pseudostratified epithelium with [[cilia]].
Image:
<gallery>
Image:Epididymis_high_mag.jpg |[[Micrograph]] of an epididymis. [[H&E stain]].
</gallery>


====Appendix of testis====
====Appendix of testis====
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**[[Leydig cell tumour]].
**[[Leydig cell tumour]].
**[[Sertoli cell tumour]].
**[[Sertoli cell tumour]].
===Serum markers of testicular tumours===
*AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)
*hCG.
*LDH (lactate dehydrogenase).
*M371 (microRNA-371a-3p).<ref name=pmid37568759>{{cite journal |authors=Nestler T, Schoch J, Belge G, Dieckmann KP |title=MicroRNA-371a-3p-The Novel Serum Biomarker in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages= |date=August 2023 |pmid=37568759 |pmc=10417034 |doi=10.3390/cancers15153944 |url=}}</ref>


===IHC for GCTs===
===IHC for GCTs===
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*CD30 - embryonal carcinoma.
*CD30 - embryonal carcinoma.
*[[D2-40]] - seminoma.
*[[D2-40]] - seminoma.
*SALL4 - most [[germ cell tumour]]s.


===Tabular summary of GCTs===
===Tabular summary of GCTs===
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==Hydrocele testis==
==Hydrocele testis==
*[[AKA]] ''hydrocele''.
*[[AKA]] ''hydrocele''.
===General===
{{Main|Hydrocele testis}}
*Benign.
**May be seen in association with a testicular neoplasm.<ref name=pmid9490992>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Junnila | first1 = J. | last2 = Lassen | first2 = P. | title = Testicular masses. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 685-92 | month = Feb | year = 1998 | doi =  | PMID = 9490992 }}</ref>
*Common.<ref name=pmid20705202>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wampler | first1 = SM. | last2 = Llanes | first2 = M. | title = Common scrotal and testicular problems. | journal = Prim Care | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 613-26, x | month = Sep | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.009 | PMID = 20705202 }}</ref>
 
Clinical:
*Scrotal mass.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Cyst lined by a simple ciliated epithelium.
*Does '''not''' contain sperm.
 
DDx:
*[[Spermatocele]] - contains sperm.
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
HYDROCELE SAC, LEFT, EXCISION:
- CONSISTENT WITH HYDROCELE SAC.
</pre>
 
<pre>
SOFT TISSUE ("HYDROCELE SAC"),LEFT, EXCISION:
- FIBROADIPOSE TISSUE COVERED BY MESOTHELIUM WITH REACTIVE CHANGES -- CONSISTENT
  WITH HYDROCELE SAC.
- EPIDIDYMIS WITH SPERM (INCIDENTAL FINDING).
</pre>
 
====Micro====
The sections shows fragments of tissue compatible with a benign cyst, that had a fibrous wall and was lined by a simple epithelium. No spermatocytes are identified.
 
Benign connective tissue (including skeletal muscle, nerves and blood vessels) is also present.


==Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis==
==Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis==
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==Epidermoid cyst of the testis==
==Epidermoid cyst of the testis==
{{Main|Epidermoid cyst of the testis}}
{{Main|Epidermoid cyst of the testis}}
==Testicular trauma==
===General===
*May lead to orchitectomy.
===Gross===
*Hemorrhagic.
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Necrotic seminiferous tubules.
*Intratubular blood in keeping with hemorrhage.
Note:
*Normal spermatogenesis in background - if viable tissue present.
===Sign out===
<pre>
Right Testicle Tissue, Debridement:
    - Hemorrhagic testicular tissue and necrotic seminiferous tubules.
    - Small amount of viable seminiferous tubules with spermatogenesis.
    - NEGATIVE for germ cell neoplasia in situ.
    - NEGATIVE for malignancy.
Comment:
The clinical history of trauma is noted.
</pre>


=Premalignant=
=Premalignant=
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