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'''Cardiomyopathy''', abbreviated as '''CM''', is a domain of cardiology and [[forensic pathology]] | '''Cardiomyopathy''', abbreviated as '''CM''', is a domain of cardiology ''and'' [[forensic pathology]], as many cardiomyopathies can lead to sudden death. | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Types<ref> | Types<ref name=Ref_PBoD601>{{Ref PBoD|601}}</ref> | ||
#Dilated cardiomyopathy - most common ~ 90% | #Dilated cardiomyopathy - most common ~ 90% | ||
#Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | #Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | ||
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==Dilated cardiomyopathy== | ==Dilated cardiomyopathy== | ||
*Abbreviated ''DCM''. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Most common of the cardiomyopathies. | *Most common of the cardiomyopathies. | ||
Causes: | Causes: | ||
*Myocarditis - leading cause, usually viral.<ref name=pmid19017683> | *Myocarditis - leading cause, usually viral.<ref name=pmid19017683>{{cite journal |author=Luk A, Ahn E, Soor GS, Butany J |title=Dilated cardiomyopathy: a review |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=219–25 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19017683 |doi=10.1136/jcp.2008.060731 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Familial ~ 30% - can be AD with variable penetrance, AR, X-linked. | *Familial ~ 30% - can be AD with variable penetrance, AR, X-linked. | ||
*In the [[forensic pathology|forensic]] context, usually caused by [[alcoholism]].<ref name=Ref_HoFP43>{{Ref HoFP|43}}</ref> | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
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*Epicardial fibrosis. | *Epicardial fibrosis. | ||
*Usually non-specific. | *Usually non-specific. | ||
DDx: | |||
*[[Mitochondrial myopathy]]. | |||
**Perinuclear clearing on light microscopy due to abundant mitochondria. | |||
**Atypical mitochondria on [[electron microscopy]]. | |||
*[[Muscular dystrophy]]. | |||
*[[Storage disease]]. | |||
===IHC=== | |||
Work-up for muscular dystrophy: | |||
*Dystrophin. | |||
Work-up for mitochondrial disease: | |||
*COX. | |||
*SDH. | |||
==Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy== | ==Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy== | ||
*Abbreviated HCM. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
* | *Genetic. | ||
*Classic cause of sudden death in young athletes.<ref name=pmid17330410>{{cite journal |author=Gojanovic B, Feihl F, Gremion G, Waeber B |title=[Sudden death in young athletes] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=189-98 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17330410 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Gross=== | |||
*Classic: septum:left ventricular free wall = 1.5:1.0.<Ref>JB. 9 June 2011.</ref> | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
Features:<ref> | Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD601-3>{{Ref PBoD|601-3}}</ref> | ||
*Myocardial | *Myocardial fibres have increased transverse size (~40 micrometres) - '''key feature'''. | ||
**Normal myocardial fibre width = 15 micrometres. | **Normal myocardial fibre width = 15 micrometres. | ||
*Haphazard arrangement of myocardial fibres;<ref name=Ref_HoFP44>{{Ref HoFP|44}}</ref> "basket weave" pattern. | |||
*Interstitial fibrosis. | *Interstitial fibrosis. | ||
**NOT diffuse patch/area as in an old myocardial infarction. | |||
*Large hyperchromatic nuclei (~3x fibroblast nucleus).<ref>CK. 14 October 2010.</ref> | |||
==Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy== | Notes: | ||
*Easiest to identify if sections are perpendicular to the long axis of the myocytes. | |||
Images: | |||
*[http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2011/03/hypertrophic-obstructive-cardiomyopathy.html HCM (blogspot.com)]. | |||
*[http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/muscle/hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy.php HCM (yale.edu)]. | |||
===Variants=== | |||
====Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy==== | |||
*Abbreviated ''HOCM''. | |||
*Considered to be a variant of HCM. | *Considered to be a variant of HCM. | ||
*Historically known as ''idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis'' (IHSS). | |||
====Apical HCM==== | |||
*[[AKA]] ''Japanese variant''.<ref name=pmid17392031>{{Cite journal | last1 = Reddy | first1 = M. | last2 = Thatai | first2 = D. | last3 = Bernal | first3 = J. | last4 = Pradhan | first4 = J. | last5 = Afonso | first5 = L. | title = Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: potential utility of Strain imaging. | journal = Eur J Echocardiogr | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 560-2 | month = Jul | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.euje.2007.02.004 | PMID = 17392031 }} | |||
</ref> | |||
*Mid-ventricular septal thickening ''or'' apical thickening (''NOT'' subaortic hypertrophy). | |||
==Restrictive cardiomyopathy== | |||
*Uncommon form of cardiomyopathy. | |||
===Etiology=== | |||
Multiple causes - an incomplete list:<ref name=Ref_HoFP44-5>{{Ref HoFP|44-5}}</ref> | |||
*[[Hemochromatosis]] - rare.<ref name=pmid7446557>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cutler | first1 = DJ. | last2 = Isner | first2 = JM. | last3 = Bracey | first3 = AW. | last4 = Hufnagel | first4 = CA. | last5 = Conrad | first5 = PW. | last6 = Roberts | first6 = WC. | last7 = Kerwin | first7 = DM. | last8 = Weintraub | first8 = AM. | title = Hemochromatosis heart disease: an unemphasized cause of potentially reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy. | journal = Am J Med | volume = 69 | issue = 6 | pages = 923-8 | month = Dec | year = 1980 | doi = | PMID = 7446557 }}</ref> | |||
**Hemochromatosis more commonly causes a [[DCM]]. | |||
*[[amyloidosis#Cardiac_amyloidosis|Amyloidosis]]. | |||
**Classically described as "stiff" or "rubbery". | |||
*[[Cardiac sarcoidosis|Sarcoidosis]]. | |||
*Storage diseases (e.g. [[Pompe disease]]). | |||
*Eosinophilic endocarditis (Loeffler Endocarditis). | |||
==Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy== | ==Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy== | ||
*Abbreviated ''ARVC''. | |||
*Previously known as ''arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia'', abbreviated ''ARVD''. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Associated with sudden cardiac death in "young people".<ref>Sudden cardiac death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be reduced by pre-participation cardiovascular screening in young athletes. URL: [http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/18/2152 http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/18/2152]. Accessed on: 16 December 2009.</ref> | *Associated with sudden cardiac death in "young people".<ref>Sudden cardiac death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be reduced by pre-participation cardiovascular screening in young athletes. URL: [http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/18/2152 http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/18/2152]. Accessed on: 16 December 2009.</ref> | ||
*Male > female. | *Male > female. | ||
Etiology: | |||
*Genetic - mutations in: | *Genetic - mutations in: | ||
**Desmosomal proteins, especially plakoglobin and desmoplakin. | **Desmosomal proteins, especially plakoglobin and desmoplakin. | ||
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**Clinical: wooly hair, palmar & plantar keratoses. | **Clinical: wooly hair, palmar & plantar keratoses. | ||
=== | ===Gross=== | ||
Features:<ref name=emedicine1612324>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612324-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1612324-overview].</ref> | |||
*Right ventricular wall thinning/replacement with fat. † | |||
**Especially fat where fat is ''not'' usually seen - posterior RV wall, RVOT. | |||
*Septum usually has relative sparing | |||
**Thus, endomyocardial biopsy is ''not'' reliable. | |||
*+/-Aneurysms/dilation. | |||
Note: | |||
*† May involve the left ventricle.<ref name=pmid23761986>{{cite journal |author=Romero J, Mejia-Lopez E, Manrique C, Lucariello R |title=Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC/D): A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clin Med Insights Cardiol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=97–114 |year=2013 |pmid=23761986 |pmc=3667685 |doi=10.4137/CMC.S10940 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features:<ref name=emedicine1612324/> | Features:<ref name=emedicine1612324/> | ||
*"Moth-eaten" appearance: | *"Moth-eaten" appearance: | ||
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*Myocytes have "bubbly" appearance with loss of myofibres and cross-striations. | *Myocytes have "bubbly" appearance with loss of myofibres and cross-striations. | ||
Image: | ====Images==== | ||
*[http:// | <gallery> | ||
Image: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy - histology.jpg | ARVC. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
=====www===== | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case223.html ARVC - several images (upmc.edu)]. | |||
=== | ==Noncompaction cardiomyopathy== | ||
===Etiology=== | |||
* | *Genetic - ''LVNC1 gene''.<ref name=omim604169>{{OMIM|604169}}</ref> | ||
* | *May be associated with dilation.<ref name=omim604169>{{OMIM|604169}}</ref> | ||
* | *Rare. | ||
** | *Not clear whether it is a unique entity.<ref name=pmid20700091>{{cite journal |author=Paterick TE, Gerber TC, Pradhan SR, Lindor NM, Tajik AJ |title=Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: what do we know? |journal=Rev Cardiovasc Med |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=92–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20700091 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Gross=== | |||
*Prominent "mesh-like" [[trabeculae]] carnae. | |||
**Enlarged intertrabecular recesses.<ref name=pmid2372897>{{cite journal |author=Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG, Jue K, Mohrmann R |title=Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases |journal=Circulation |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=507–13 |year=1990 |month=August |pmid=2372897 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== |
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