Difference between revisions of "Eye"
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[[Image:Gray888.png|thumb|200px|Illustration of the eye. (Gray's Anatomy/WC)]] | [[Image:Gray888.png|thumb|200px|Illustration of the eye. (Gray's Anatomy/WC)]] | ||
[[Image:Optic nerve head and retina -- low mag.jpg|thumb|200px|Micrograph showing the optic nerve head and retina. [[H&E stain]]. (WC)]] | |||
The '''eye''' is rarely seen by pathologists. Typically, they go to neuropathologists, as the eye is really part of the brain. The article also covers many of the lesions found around the eye. The lacrimal gland is covered in the ''[[lacrimal gland]]'' article. Eyelid lesions are covered in the ''[[eyelid]]'' article. | The '''eye''' is rarely seen by pathologists. Typically, they go to neuropathologists, as the eye is really part of the brain. The article also covers many of the lesions found around the eye. The lacrimal gland is covered in the ''[[lacrimal gland]]'' article. Eyelid lesions are covered in the ''[[eyelid]]'' article. | ||
Revision as of 23:39, 28 November 2015
Micrograph showing the optic nerve head and retina. H&E stain. (WC)
The eye is rarely seen by pathologists. Typically, they go to neuropathologists, as the eye is really part of the brain. The article also covers many of the lesions found around the eye. The lacrimal gland is covered in the lacrimal gland article. Eyelid lesions are covered in the eyelid article.
An introduction to neuropathology is in the neuropathology article.
Procedures
- Evisceration - eye muscles left intact.
- Enucleation.
- Exenteration - extensive resection.
Anatomy
Anterior to posterior
- Cornea.
- Iris.
- Lens.
- Conjunctiva - edge of cornea.
- Sclera.
- Similar to cornea - normally has blood vessels.
Optic nerve
- Surrounded by CSF.
- Covered by dura.
Inside to outside
- Retina.
- Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
- Choroid.
- Sclera.
Anterior angle
- Angle between cornea and iris.
Histology
Eye muscles
- The muscles that move the eye have a high nerve:muscle ratio = ~1:4.[1]
- Other muscles in the body ~1:250.
Conjunctiva
Features:[2]
- Stratified squamous.
- May be stratified columnar
- Goblet cells.
Cornea
Layers:[3]
- Epithelium layer.
- Squamoid cells.
- Bowman's layer.
- Indistinct.
- Stroma.
- Fibrous tissue.
- No blood vessels.
- Descemet’s layer.
- Indistinct.
- PAS -ve.
- Endothelium.
- Single layer.
Retina
Simplified structure - eosinophilic material separating:
- Intermediate size, round, pale-staining nuclei (ganglion cells).
- Two layers of small round nuclei (inner and outer nuclear layer).
- Eosinophilic ellipsoid structures - rods/cones (photoreceptors).
- Single layer of cuboidal cells (retinal pigment epithelium.
Detailed structure - in direction light travels:
- Inner limiting membrane.
- Nerve fibre layer.
- Ganglion layer.
- Inner plexiform layer.
- Inner nuclear layer.
- Outer plexiform layer.
- Outer nuclear layer.
- Layer of rods and cones.
- External limiting membrane.
- Retinal pigment epithelium.
Images
Retina - schematic. (WC/Gray's)
www:
Eye structures with melanocytes
Melanoma may arise from these sites:
- Iris.
- Conjunctiva.
- Ciliary bodies.
- Choroid.
Benign entities
Conjunctivitis
General
- Benign.
- Never biopsied.
- It is an incidental finding in a biopsy for something else.
Gross
- Red eye.
Microscopic
Features:
- Conjunctival epithelium - stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells.
- Inflammatory cells.
Conjunctival cyst
| Conjunctival cyst | |
|---|---|
| External resources | |
| EHVSC | 10173 |
General
- Rare.
- May be due to surgery, trauma, or congenital (very rare).[4]
Microscopic
Features:
- Conjunctival mucosa with atypia.
- Stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells.
DDx:
- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia.
- Cystic squamous cell carcinoma.
Image:
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CONJUNCTIVA, RIGHT SUPERIOR, BIOPSY: - BENIGN CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA -- COMPATIBLE WITH CYST LINIG.
Pinguecula
- Plural Pingueculae.
General
- Raizada et al.[6] suggest it is an early pterygium; however, this is disputed.
- Due to ultraviolet light exposure, e.g. sunlight.[7]
- Tend to be older than individuals afflicted with a pterygium.
Gross
- Yellow spot.
Microscopic
Features:
- Similar to pterygium.[7]
Pterygium
- AKA surfer eye.
Main article: Pterygium
Eccrine hidrocystoma
- Occasionally spelled eccrine hydrocystoma.[8]
General
- Benign.
- Eyelid lesion.
Clinical DDx:[8]
- Cystic BCC.
Microsopic
- Cyst lined by a bland bilayer.
- Inner lining cells have:
- Small, round nuclei - usu. basal.
- Moderate pale/greyish cytoplasm.
- No apocrine snouts - flat surface.
- Outer lining cells - spindled.
- May be difficult to see.
- Inner lining cells have:
Note:
- According to the CMAJ, it has the histology of an epidermal inclusion cyst.[8]
DDx:
- Apocrine hidrocystoma - have apocrine snouts; surface is not flat.
- Cystadenoma - has epithelial proliferation.
Image
Apocrine hidrocystoma (AH). AH looks similar to eccrine hidrocystoma. (WC)
www:
- Eccrine hidrocystoma (nature.com).
- Apocrine hidrocystoma (dermnet.org).
- Apocrine hidrocystoma (flickr.com).
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SKIN LESION, ADJACENT TO RIGHT EYELID, EXCISION: - ECCRINE HIDROCYSTOMA.
Micro
The sections show hair bearing skin with a cyst lined by a bland bilayered epithelium. The predominant lining cell has moderate pale grey cytoplasm and a small round nucleus.
The lesion is excised in the plane of section.
Chalazion
Main article: Chalazion
Retinal hemorrhage
Image:
Glaucoma
General
- Leading cause of irreversible blindness.
Classification:
- Open angle - more common.
- Closed angle.
Microscopic
Features (closed angle):
- Cornea and iris opposed to one another.
Retinal detachment
General
- Blindness.
Causes:
- Trauma (classic) - pathologist doesn't usually see.
- Tumours - common in pathology specimens.
Microscopic
Features:
- Retina separated from retinal pigment epithelium.
- Eosinophilic exudate containing macrophages.
Blepharochalasis
General
Clinical:
- Swelling of eyelids - recurrent.[13]
- Onset in childhood.
- Leads to ptosis.
Clinical DDx:[12]
- Recurrent angioedema.
- Hereditary angioedema.
- Contact dermatitis.
- Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.
- Dermatochalasis.
- Floppy-eyelid syndrome.
- Lax eyelid syndrome.
- Cutis laxa.
Note:
- The term may be abused; it may be used when an eyelid tuck is done for other reasons.[citation needed]
Microscopic
Features:[12]
- Edema.
DDx:
- Angioedema.[14]
Stains
- Elastin stain - shows loss of elastin.[15]
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EYELID, LEFT UPPER, PTOSIS REPAIR: - SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. - SUBEPITHELIAL TISSUE WITH MILD EDEMA. - SOLAR ELASTOSIS. - NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
Lower eyelids in an older individual labelled blepharochalasis
A. EYELID, LEFT LOWER, BLEPHAROPLASTY: - BENIGN SKIN WITH MILD SOLAR ELASTOSIS. - BENIGN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. - NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY. B. EYELID, RIGHT LOWER, BLEPHAROPLASTY: - BENIGN SKIN WITH MILD SOLAR ELASTOSIS. - BENIGN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. - NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
Papilloma of the caruncle
- AKA caruncle papilloma.
General
- Benign.
- Second most common caruncle tumour ~ 15% of caruncle tumours.[16]
- Most common is nevus ~ 50% of caruncle tumours.
Gross
- Frond-like lesion.
Image:
Microscopic
Features:[16]
- Fibrovascular fronds in a cauliflower-like arrangement.
- No nuclear atypia.
Image:
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LESION, RIGHT CARUNCLE, EXCISION: - PAPILLOMA. - NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
Micro
The sections show benign conjunctival mucosa and a lesion consisting of fibrovascular cores covered by a conjunctival epithelium with a cauliflower-like appearance at low power. Parakeratosis is present. No significant nuclear atypia is identified. No koilocytic change is seen. No mitotic activity is appreciated.
External links
Malignant entities
Retinoblastoma
General
- Rare.
- Malignant.
- May be familial.[17]
Gross
- White, solid.
- Patterns:
- Endophytic - grow into the vitreous cavity.
- Exophytic - grow toward choroid.
- Mixed - components of endophytic and exophytic.
Image:
Note:
- Tumour is extremely friable.
Microscopic
Features:
- Small round cell tumour:
- Scant cytoplasm.
- Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette - key feature.
- Rosette with empty centre (donut hole).[18]
- +/-Homer-Wright rosette.[19]
- Circular rosette with neuropil at the centre.[18]
- Mitoses - common.
- +/-Necrosis.
- +/-Calcification.
DDx:
- Retinocytoma (retinoma) - benign counterpart of retinoblastoma.
Notes:
- DDx of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette includes:
- Pineoblastoma.
- Medulloepithelioma.
Image:
Malignant melanoma
Main article: Malignant melanoma
Common malignancy in the eye in adults.
See also
References
- ↑ Bilbao. 24 November 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm. Accessed on: 20 October 2011.
- ↑ URL: http://www.ophthobook.com/questions/question-name-the-layers-of-the-cornea-and-their-function. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Robb, RM.; Elliott, AT.; Robson, CD. (Apr 2012). "Developmental conjunctival cyst of the eyelid in a child.". J AAPOS 16 (2): 196-8. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.02.001. PMID 22525180.
- ↑ Elshazly, LH. (Jan 2011). "A clinicopathologic study of excised conjunctival lesions.". Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 18 (1): 48-54. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.75886. PMID 21572734.
- ↑ Raizada, IN.; Bhatnagar, NK. (Jul 1976). "Pinguecula and pterygium (a histopathological study).". Indian J Ophthalmol 24 (2): 16-8. PMID 1031388.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hill, JC.; Maske, R. (1989). "Pathogenesis of pterygium.". Eye (Lond) 3 ( Pt 2): 218-26. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.31. PMID 2695353.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Adams, SP. (Feb 1999). "Dermacase. Eccrine hydrocystoma.". Can Fam Physician 45: 297, 306. PMC 2328272. PMID 10065300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2328272/.
- ↑ Singh, AD.; McCloskey, L.; Parsons, MA.; Slater, DN. (Jan 2005). "Eccrine hidrocystoma of the eyelid.". Eye (Lond) 19 (1): 77-9. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701404. PMID 15205675.
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 314. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/fofrm.html. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Koursh, DM.; Modjtahedi, SP.; Selva, D.; Leibovitch, I.. "The blepharochalasis syndrome.". Surv Ophthalmol 54 (2): 235-44. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.12.005. PMID 19298902.
- ↑ Bergin, DJ.; McCord, CD.; Berger, T.; Friedberg, H.; Waterhouse, W. (Nov 1988). "Blepharochalasis.". Br J Ophthalmol 72 (11): 863-7. PMID 3207663.
- ↑ Wang, G.; Li, C.; Gao, T. (Apr 2009). "Blepharochalasis: a rare condition misdiagnosed as recurrent angioedema.". Arch Dermatol 145 (4): 498-9. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.19. PMID 19380685.
- ↑ Kaneoya, K.; Momota, Y.; Hatamochi, A.; Matsumoto, F.; Arima, Y.; Miyachi, Y.; Shinkai, H.; Utani, A. (Jan 2005). "Elastin gene expression in blepharochalasis.". J Dermatol 32 (1): 26-9. PMID 15841657.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kaeser, PF.; Uffer, S.; Zografos, L.; Hamédani, M. (Sep 2006). "Tumors of the caruncle: a clinicopathologic correlation.". Am J Ophthalmol 142 (3): 448-55. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.04.035. PMID 16935590.
- ↑ Lohmann D (2010). "Retinoblastoma". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 685: 220–7. PMID 20687510.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Wippold FJ, Perry A (March 2006). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: rosettes and pseudorosettes". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (3): 488–92. PMID 16551982.
- ↑ WH. 14 March 2011.