Difference between revisions of "Pleural invasion"

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'''Pleural invasion''' is the presence of tumour in the [[pleura]]. Pleural invasion is poor prognosticator in [[lung cancer]].<ref name=pmid19057261>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Travis | first1 = WD. | last2 = Brambilla | first2 = E. | last3 = Rami-Porta | first3 = R. | last4 = Vallières | first4 = E. | last5 = Tsuboi | first5 = M. | last6 = Rusch | first6 = V. | last7 = Goldstraw | first7 = P. | title = Visceral pleural invasion: pathologic criteria and use of elastic stains: proposal for the 7th edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. | journal = J Thorac Oncol | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = 1384-90 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31818e0d9f | PMID = 19057261 }}</ref><ref name=pmid15999057>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shimizu | first1 = K. | last2 = Yoshida | first2 = J. | last3 = Nagai | first3 = K. | last4 = Nishimura | first4 = M. | last5 = Ishii | first5 = G. | last6 = Morishita | first6 = Y. | last7 = Nishiwaki | first7 = Y. | title = Visceral pleural invasion is an invasive and aggressive indicator of non-small cell lung cancer. | journal = J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | volume = 130 | issue = 1 | pages = 160-5 | month = Jul | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.11.021 | PMID = 15999057 }}</ref>
[[Image:Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion -- intermed mag.jpg|thumb|right|Visceral pleural invasion. [[H&E stain]]. (WC)]]
'''Pleural invasion''' is the presence of tumour in the [[pleura]]. Pleural invasion is considered a poor prognosticator in [[lung cancer]],<ref name=pmid19057261>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Travis | first1 = WD. | last2 = Brambilla | first2 = E. | last3 = Rami-Porta | first3 = R. | last4 = Vallières | first4 = E. | last5 = Tsuboi | first5 = M. | last6 = Rusch | first6 = V. | last7 = Goldstraw | first7 = P. | title = Visceral pleural invasion: pathologic criteria and use of elastic stains: proposal for the 7th edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. | journal = J Thorac Oncol | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = 1384-90 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31818e0d9f | PMID = 19057261 }}</ref><ref name=pmid15999057>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shimizu | first1 = K. | last2 = Yoshida | first2 = J. | last3 = Nagai | first3 = K. | last4 = Nishimura | first4 = M. | last5 = Ishii | first5 = G. | last6 = Morishita | first6 = Y. | last7 = Nishiwaki | first7 = Y. | title = Visceral pleural invasion is an invasive and aggressive indicator of non-small cell lung cancer. | journal = J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | volume = 130 | issue = 1 | pages = 160-5 | month = Jul | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.11.021 | PMID = 15999057 }}</ref> and important in determining the tumour stage in [[lung cancer staging]].


The visceral pleura is the pleura that covers the [[lung]]. The parietal pleural covers the chest wall.
==General==
[[Image: Normal visceral pleura of lung - Miller -- high mag.jpg | thumb| right| Normal visceral pleura of the lung. [[Miller stain]]. (WC)]]
The visceral pleura is the pleura that covers the [[lung]]; tumour invasion into it is known as '''visceral pleural invasion''' (abbreviated '''VPI'''). The parietal pleural covers the chest wall.


==Modified Hammar classification==
The visceral pleura has two elastic layers:<ref name=pmid23020722/>
Can be subgrouped:<ref name=pmid19057261/>
*External elastic layer.
**Usually thick/prominent.
**Important for [[cancer staging|staging]].
*Internal elastic layer.
**Thin - may be difficult to see.
**Irrelevant for staging.
 
====Images - normal pleural====
<gallery>
Image: Normal visceral pleura of lung - Miller -- intermed mag.jpg | Lung visceral pleura - intermed. mag.
Image: Normal visceral pleura of lung - Miller - alt -- intermed mag.jpg | Lung visceral pleura - high mag.
</gallery>
===Modified Hammar classification===
Pleural invasion can be subgrouped as follows:<ref name=pmid19057261/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"  
{| class="wikitable sortable"  
!Category
!Category
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!Tumour stage ([[TNM staging]])
!Tumour stage ([[TNM staging]])
|-
|-
|PL0  
|PL0 †  
|tumour confined to lung, not through elastic layer
|tumour confined to lung, not through elastic layer
|T(any)
|T(any)
|-
|-
|PL1  
|PL1 †  
|tumour beyond elastic layer of visercal pleura, not at pleural surface
|tumour beyond (external) elastic layer of the visercal pleura, not at pleural surface
|at least T2
|at least T2 ‡
|-
|-
|PL2  
|PL2  
Line 26: Line 42:
|at least T3
|at least T3
|}
|}
Notes:
*† The interface between PL0 and PL1 is the most challenging.  Use of an elastic stain is recommend when there is uncertainty.<ref name=pmid23020722/>
*‡ The up-staging of small tumours is not completely without controversy; there is data for [[lung adenocarcinoma]]s less than 2 cm that suggests VPI is not an outcome predictor.<ref name=pmid23807749>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nitadori | first1 = J. | last2 = Colovos | first2 = C. | last3 = Kadota | first3 = K. | last4 = Sima | first4 = CS. | last5 = Sarkaria | first5 = IS. | last6 = Rizk | first6 = NP. | last7 = Rusch | first7 = VW. | last8 = Travis | first8 = WD. | last9 = Adusumilli | first9 = PS. | title = Visceral pleural invasion does not affect recurrence or overall survival among patients with lung adenocarcinoma ≤ 2 cm: a proposal to reclassify T1 lung adenocarcinoma. | journal = Chest | volume = 144 | issue = 5 | pages = 1622-31 | month = Nov | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1378/chest.13-0394 | PMID = 23807749 }}</ref>
==Gross==
*Tumour close to visceral pleura, e.g. <1 mm - high probability of VPI.
*Puckering of the visceral pleura overlying the tumour - suspicious for VPI.
==Microscopic==
Features - for PL1:
*Must be through the external elastic layer.<ref name=pmid23020722>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dacic | first1 = S. | title = Dilemmas in lung cancer staging. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 136 | issue = 10 | pages = 1194-7 | month = Oct | year = 2012 | doi = 10.5858/arpa.2012-0282-CC | PMID = 23020722 }}</ref>
Note:
*Tumour trapped within the (external) elastic layer is still PL0.<ref name=pmid23020722/>
===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion -- very low mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - very low mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion -- low mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - low mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion -- intermed mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - intermed. mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion - alt -- intermed mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - intermed. mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion -- high mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - high mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion -- very high mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - very high mag.
</gallery>
==Stains==
[[Image:Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion - Miller - alt -- high mag.jpg|thumb|right|Visceral pleural invasion. [[Miller stain]]. (WC)]]
*Elastic stain (e.g. [[Miller stain|Miller]], [[Elastic trichrome stain|elastic trichrome]], [[Verhoeff-van Gieson stain|Verhoeff-van Gieson]]) - demonstrating tumour superficial to the (external) elastica.
===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion - Miller -- very low mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - very low mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion - Miller -- low mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - low mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion - Miller -- intermed mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - intermed. mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion - Miller - alt -- intermed mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - intermed. mag.
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma visceral pleural invasion - Miller -- very high mag.jpg | Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - very high mag.
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Lung tumours]].
*[[Lung tumours]].
*[[Lung cancer staging]].
*[[Pleural effusion]].
*[[Pleura]].


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:01, 15 November 2015

Visceral pleural invasion. H&E stain. (WC)

Pleural invasion is the presence of tumour in the pleura. Pleural invasion is considered a poor prognosticator in lung cancer,[1][2] and important in determining the tumour stage in lung cancer staging.

General

Normal visceral pleura of the lung. Miller stain. (WC)

The visceral pleura is the pleura that covers the lung; tumour invasion into it is known as visceral pleural invasion (abbreviated VPI). The parietal pleural covers the chest wall.

The visceral pleura has two elastic layers:[3]

  • External elastic layer.
    • Usually thick/prominent.
    • Important for staging.
  • Internal elastic layer.
    • Thin - may be difficult to see.
    • Irrelevant for staging.

Images - normal pleural

  • Lung visceral pleura - intermed. mag.

  • Lung visceral pleura - high mag.

Modified Hammar classification

Pleural invasion can be subgrouped as follows:[1]

Category Description Tumour stage (TNM staging)
PL0 † tumour confined to lung, not through elastic layer T(any)
PL1 † tumour beyond (external) elastic layer of the visercal pleura, not at pleural surface at least T2 ‡
PL2 tumour at surface of pleura, not in parietal pleura at least T2
PL3 tumour within parietal pleura and visceral pleura at least T3

Notes:

  • † The interface between PL0 and PL1 is the most challenging. Use of an elastic stain is recommend when there is uncertainty.[3]
  • ‡ The up-staging of small tumours is not completely without controversy; there is data for lung adenocarcinomas less than 2 cm that suggests VPI is not an outcome predictor.[4]

Gross

  • Tumour close to visceral pleura, e.g. <1 mm - high probability of VPI.
  • Puckering of the visceral pleura overlying the tumour - suspicious for VPI.

Microscopic

Features - for PL1:

  • Must be through the external elastic layer.[3]

Note:

  • Tumour trapped within the (external) elastic layer is still PL0.[3]

Images

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - very low mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - low mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - intermed. mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - intermed. mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - high mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - very high mag.

Stains

Visceral pleural invasion. Miller stain. (WC)

Images

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - very low mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - low mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - intermed. mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - intermed. mag.

  • Adenocarcinoma - VPI - Miller - very high mag.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Travis, WD.; Brambilla, E.; Rami-Porta, R.; Vallières, E.; Tsuboi, M.; Rusch, V.; Goldstraw, P. (Dec 2008). "Visceral pleural invasion: pathologic criteria and use of elastic stains: proposal for the 7th edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.". J Thorac Oncol 3 (12): 1384-90. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31818e0d9f. PMID 19057261.
  2. ↑ Shimizu, K.; Yoshida, J.; Nagai, K.; Nishimura, M.; Ishii, G.; Morishita, Y.; Nishiwaki, Y. (Jul 2005). "Visceral pleural invasion is an invasive and aggressive indicator of non-small cell lung cancer.". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130 (1): 160-5. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.11.021. PMID 15999057.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Dacic, S. (Oct 2012). "Dilemmas in lung cancer staging.". Arch Pathol Lab Med 136 (10): 1194-7. doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0282-CC. PMID 23020722.
  4. ↑ Nitadori, J.; Colovos, C.; Kadota, K.; Sima, CS.; Sarkaria, IS.; Rizk, NP.; Rusch, VW.; Travis, WD. et al. (Nov 2013). "Visceral pleural invasion does not affect recurrence or overall survival among patients with lung adenocarcinoma ≤ 2 cm: a proposal to reclassify T1 lung adenocarcinoma.". Chest 144 (5): 1622-31. doi:10.1378/chest.13-0394. PMID 23807749.
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