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Difference between revisions of "Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions"
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Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions (view source)
Revision as of 13:03, 3 September 2015
, 13:03, 3 September 2015→Chapter 11: Blood Vessels
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== Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death == | == Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death == | ||
Experimenting, please ignore | Experimenting, please ignore | ||
{{hidden | {{hidden | ||
*1. Etiology | | headerstyle = text-align: left; | ||
**Genetic - Inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms | | header = What are the four aspects of a disease? | ||
| content = *1. Etiology | |||
**Genetic - Inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms. | |||
**Acquired - Infectious, nutritional, chemical and physical. | **Acquired - Infectious, nutritional, chemical and physical. | ||
*2. Pathogenesis - The sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent. | *2. Pathogenesis - The sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent. | ||
*3. Morphological changes - The structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process. | *3. Morphological changes - The structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process. | ||
*4. Clinical Manifestations - Symptoms and signs of disease, as well as its clinical course and outcome | *4. Clinical Manifestations - Symptoms and signs of disease, as well as its clinical course and outcome.}} | ||
== Chapter 3 == | == Chapter 3 == | ||
| Line 159: | Line 161: | ||
== Chapter 9 == | == Chapter 9 == | ||
== Chapter 10 == | == Chapter 10 == | ||
== Chapter 11 == | == Chapter 11: Blood Vessels== | ||
* Describe the two principal mechanisms underlying vascular disease. | |||
* Describe the four main disease mechanisms and the vessels for which they have a predicliction. | |||
* Describe the three layers of artery/vein walls. | |||
* Describe how the media of arteries changes as one gets further away from the heart. | |||
* List 5 differences between arterial vessels and venous vessels. | |||
* List and briefly describe three vascular anomalies. | |||
* List 5 functions of endothelial cells. | |||
* List 5 factors which activate endothelial cells. | |||
* List 6 features of an activated endothelial cell. | |||
* Define endothelial dysfunction. | |||
* List 5 functions of vascular smooth muscle cells. | |||
* Describe how intimal thickening occurs in a healing vessel. | |||
* List 5 difference between neointimal and medial smooth muscle cells. | |||
* In a non diabetic what are the thresholds for diastolic and systolic blood pressure associated with increased atherosclerotic disease. | |||
* List 5 causes of secondary hypertension. | |||
* List 5 diseases resulting from hypertension. | |||
* About 50% of patients with hypertension die from what 3 diseases. | |||
* Define malignant hypertension, and list 3 ocular findings. | |||
* Describe how cardiac function affects blood pressure. | |||
* Describe how blood volume affects blood pressure. | |||
* Describe how peripheral resistance affects blood pressure | |||
* Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with renovascular hypertension. | |||
* List some single gene disorders which cause secondary hypetension. | |||
* List four factors are mechanisms of essential hypertension. | |||
* List five vascular changes associated with hypertension. | |||
* Describe the differences between hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis. | |||
* List three types of arteriosclerosis. | |||
* What is Monckeberg medial sclerosis and how is it different from atherosclerosis? | |||
* What disease causes more morbidity and mortality than any other in the western world? | |||
* What is an atheromatous plaque? | |||
* List four constituitive risk factors for atherosclerosis. | |||
* List 5 modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. | |||
* List five non constituituve and non modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. | |||
* Briefly describe the pathogenic steps in atherosclerosis. | |||
* What are the two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction? | |||
* Briefly describe the role of LDL in atherosclerosis. | |||
* How does inflammation contribute to atherosclerosis? | |||
* List three viruses for which there is limited evidence of contribution to atherosclerosis. | |||
* How do smooth muscle cells contribute to atherosclerosis? | |||
* What are the differences between a fatty streak and a atherosclerotic plaque? | |||
* List five most common locations of atherosclerotic plaques. | |||
* What are the three main components of an atherosclerotic plaque. | |||
* What is neovascularization of an atherosclerotic plaque? | |||
* What four clinically significant changes can occur in an atherosclerotic plaque? | |||
* What are the four major consequences of atherosclerosis? | |||
* Define critical stenosis and the possible sequelae there of? | |||
* What is the catch 22 of a fibrous plaque? | |||
* What is one possible explanation for the abrupt rise in MIs after 9-11. | |||
* What four basic mechanisms cause vasoconstriction? | |||
* What are the possible sequelae of thrombi in a coronary artery? | |||
* Classify aneurysms. | |||
* List three syndromes where the connective tissue quality results in aneurysms. | |||
* Briefly describe how collagen degradation and synthesis maintained. | |||
* What is cystic medial degeneration and how does it relate to aneurysm formation? | |||
* How does syphilis cause aneurysms of the aorta, and how to most of the patients die? | |||
* What are the two most important causes of aortic aneurysms? | |||
* What is a mycotic aneuryms and what are the three possible origins? | |||
* Who most classically gets a AAA and where is it? | |||
* List three variants of AAA and briefly describe each. | |||
* What are the four most common clinical manifestations of a AAA aside from a palpable pulsating abdominal mass. | |||
* Describe how the risk of rupture of a AAA increases with size. | |||
* What is the most common cause of thoracic aneurysm, and describe 5 features of this syndrome. | |||
* List 5 signs or symptoms of thoracic aneurysm. | |||
* What two groups of patients have aortic dissections? | |||
* What is the most significant risk factor for aortic dissection? | |||
* Describe the difference between an aneurysm and a dissection. | |||
* Classify aortic dissections. | |||
* Classify vasculitides. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Giant cell arteritis. | |||
* List 5 defining features of granulomatosis with polyangitis. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Churg-Strauss syndrome. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Polyarteritis nododum. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Beurger disease. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Behcet disease. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Takayasu arteritis. | |||
* List 5 defining features of microscopic polyangitis. | |||
* List 5 defining features of Kawasaki disease. | |||
* List 5 immune complext mediated vasculitides. | |||
* List 3 granulomatous vasculitides. | |||
* What is a pauci immune vasculitis and give three examples. | |||
* List some causes of infectious vasculitis. | |||
* List 5 features of Raynaud's phenomenon. | |||
* What is the difference between primary and secondary Raynaud's? | |||
* What is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy? | |||
* List 5 causes of myocardial vessel vasospasm. | |||
* What are varicose veins? List three risk factors. List 5 clinical feautures. | |||
* What three sites are venous varicosities most commonly found? | |||
* What are the 5 most common sites of venous thrombosis? | |||
* | |||
== Chapter 12 == | == Chapter 12 == | ||
== Chapter 13 == | == Chapter 13 == | ||
| Line 171: | Line 264: | ||
== Chapter 21 == | == Chapter 21 == | ||
== Chapter 22 == | == Chapter 22 == | ||
== | ==[[Breast (CH 23)]]== | ||
== Chapter 24 == | == Chapter 24 == | ||
== Chapter 25 == | == Chapter 25 == | ||