Difference between revisions of "Vasculitides"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
(+see also) |
(format fixes) |
||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
==Takayasu's arteritis== | ==Takayasu's arteritis== | ||
General:<ref>PBoD P.538.</ref> | ===General=== | ||
Features:<ref>PBoD P.538.</ref> | |||
*Disease of medium/large arteries. | *Disease of medium/large arteries. | ||
**Classically involves the aortic arch (leading to decreased pulses in the upper limbs). | **Classically involves the aortic arch (leading to decreased pulses in the upper limbs). | ||
| Line 62: | Line 63: | ||
==Polyarteritis nodosa== | ==Polyarteritis nodosa== | ||
*Abbreviated ''PAN'' | *Abbreviated ''PAN''. | ||
*Involves small and medium sized vessels. | *Involves small and medium sized vessels. | ||
*Often - renal vessels, mesenteric vessels.<ref>Klatt. AOP P.14.</ref> | *Often - renal vessels, mesenteric vessels.<ref>Klatt. AOP P.14.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 03:22, 24 May 2010
This article deals with the vasculitides (singular vasculitis).
Overview
Most common[1]
- Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN).
- Microscopic polyangiitis.
- Wegener's granulomatosis.
- Predominantly cutaneous vasculitis.
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA).
Grouping by size
Small vessel vasculitides
- Predominantly cutaneous vasculitis.
- Henoch-Schoenlein purpura.
- Essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.
- ANCA-associated:
- Wegener's granulomatosis (c-ANCA > p-ANCA).
- Churg-Strauss syndrome (50% ANCA +ve).
- Microscopic polyangiitis (usually p-ANCA).
Notes:
- ANCA = anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.
Large vessel vasculitides[2]
- Giant cell arteritis (AKA temporal arteritis).
- Takayasu's arteritis.
Giant cell arteritis
- AKA temporal arteritis.
Clinical
Features:
- Classic finding: jaw claudication, in a patient older than 50 years.
- Other findings: headache, vision loss or diplopia, scalp tenderness, polymyalgia, weight loss, chills, fever.
Work-up:
- CRP, ESR, temporal artery biopsy.
Treatment:
- Treat right away with high dose steroids.
Micrograph
Features:
- Classical: granulomas.
Image(s):
Takayasu's arteritis
General
Features:[3]
- Disease of medium/large arteries.
- Classically involves the aortic arch (leading to decreased pulses in the upper limbs).
- Typically in patients <40 yrs old.
- Usually asian.
Microscopic
Features:[4]
- Adventitial mononuclear infiltrate with perivascular cuffing of the vasa vasorum.
- Mononuclear inflammation in media.
- Granulomas, giant cells.
- +/-Patchy necrosis of media.
Polyarteritis nodosa
- Abbreviated PAN.
- Involves small and medium sized vessels.
- Often - renal vessels, mesenteric vessels.[5]
- Strong association with hepatitis B (see medical liver diseases); ~1/3 of patients with PAN have HBV.
Serology:
- ANCA is usually negative.
Microscopic
Features:
- Inflammatory cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes) within the tunica media.
- Fibroid necrosis: dead vessel wall - pink anucleate stuff, nuclear debris (black specks of nuclear material).
Image: PAN (immunologyclinic.com).
Wegener's granulomatosis
Clinical
- Epistasis.
- Renal failure - present as nephritic syndrome.
- Renal biopsy: crescentic glomerulonephritis (AKA rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis).
- Pulmonary hemorrhage.
Serology:
- c-ANCA +ve.[6]
Notes:
- Pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes:[7]
- Goodpasture syndrome.
- Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.
- Vasculitis-assoc. hemorrhage (hypersensitivity angiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis).
- Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Microscopic
Features:
- Granulomas typically poorly formed.[8]
Image: Wegener's granulomatosis (flickr.com).