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*Serum gastrin often elevated - though not usually not very high.<ref name=pmid17108778>{{Cite journal | last1 = Berna | first1 = MJ. | last2 = Hoffmann | first2 = KM. | last3 = Serrano | first3 = J. | last4 = Gibril | first4 = F. | last5 = Jensen | first5 = RT. | title = Serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: I. Prospective study of fasting serum gastrin in 309 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 2229 cases from the literature. | journal = Medicine (Baltimore) | volume = 85 | issue = 6 | pages = 295-330 | month = Nov | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1097/01.md.0000236956.74128.76 | PMID = 17108778 }}</ref> | *Serum gastrin often elevated - though not usually not very high.<ref name=pmid17108778>{{Cite journal | last1 = Berna | first1 = MJ. | last2 = Hoffmann | first2 = KM. | last3 = Serrano | first3 = J. | last4 = Gibril | first4 = F. | last5 = Jensen | first5 = RT. | title = Serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: I. Prospective study of fasting serum gastrin in 309 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 2229 cases from the literature. | journal = Medicine (Baltimore) | volume = 85 | issue = 6 | pages = 295-330 | month = Nov | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1097/01.md.0000236956.74128.76 | PMID = 17108778 }}</ref> | ||
**Gastrin may be elevated due to chronic proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use - 35+/-20 pg/ml (normal) versus 170+/-135 pg/ml (chronic PPI use).<ref name=pmid22460728>{{Cite journal | last1 = Raines | first1 = D. | last2 = Chester | first2 = M. | last3 = Diebold | first3 = AE. | last4 = Mamikunian | first4 = P. | last5 = Anthony | first5 = CT. | last6 = Mamikunian | first6 = G. | last7 = Woltering | first7 = EA. | title = A prospective evaluation of the effect of chronic proton pump inhibitor use on plasma biomarker levels in humans. | journal = Pancreas | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 508-11 | month = May | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/MPA.0b013e318243a0b6 | PMID = 22460728 }}</ref> | |||
==Microscopic== | ==Microscopic== |
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