Difference between revisions of "Twin placentas"
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=Monozygotic versus dizygotic twins= | =Monozygotic versus dizygotic twins= | ||
==Monoamniotic-monochorionic | ==Monoamniotic-monochorionic gestation== | ||
*Abbreviated ''MoMo''. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Split at approximately 7th day. | *Split at approximately 7th day. | ||
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*No membrane between the fetuses - apparently clinically. | *No membrane between the fetuses - apparently clinically. | ||
==Diamniotic-monochorionic | ==Diamniotic-monochorionic gestation== | ||
*Abbreviated ''DiMo''. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Always monozygotic. | *Always monozygotic. | ||
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</pre> | </pre> | ||
==Diamniotic-dichorionic | ==Diamniotic-dichorionic gestation== | ||
*Abbreviated ''DiDi''. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Most dizygotic (70%), may be monozygotic (30%). | *Most dizygotic (70%), may be monozygotic (30%). | ||
Revision as of 20:22, 9 January 2013
Twin placentas often come to the pathologist... even if they are normal. In these specimens, usually, the chorion is the key; the pathologist may be able to sort-out whether the twins are monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal).
Monozygotic versus dizygotic twins
Monoamniotic-monochorionic gestation
- Abbreviated MoMo.
General
- Split at approximately 7th day.
- Always monozygotic twins.
Gross
- No membrane between the fetuses - apparently clinically.
Diamniotic-monochorionic gestation
- Abbreviated DiMo.
General
- Always monozygotic.
- Highest risk of TTTS (twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome).
Gross
- Thin membrane at T-zone.
Microscopic
Features:[1]
- One chorion (no decidua) in the T-zone.
Images:
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TWIN PLACENTA, UMBILICAL CORDS AND FETAL MEMBRANES, BIRTH: - FETAL MEMBRANES AT T-ZONE: -- CHORION ABSENT (DIAMNIOTIC-MONOCHORIONIC GESTATION). - TWIN A: -- THREE VESSEL UMBILICAL CORD WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- FETAL MEMBRANES WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- PLACENTAL DISC WITH THIRD TRIMESTER VILLI WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. - TWIN B: -- THREE VESSEL UMBILICAL CORD WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- FETAL MEMBRANES WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- PLACENTAL DISC WITH THIRD TRIMESTER VILLI WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
Diamniotic-dichorionic gestation
- Abbreviated DiDi.
General
- Most dizygotic (70%), may be monozygotic (30%).
- If monozygotic -- split before 3 days.
Gross
- Thick membrane at T-zone.
Microscopic
Features:
- Decidua interposed between two chorions.
Images:
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TWIN PLACENTA, UMBILICAL CORDS AND FETAL MEMBRANES, BIRTH: - FETAL MEMBRANES AT T-ZONE: -- CHORION PRESENT (DIAMNIOTIC-DICHORIONIC GESTATION). - TWIN A: -- THREE VESSEL UMBILICAL CORD WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- FETAL MEMBRANES WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- PLACENTAL DISC WITH THIRD TRIMESTER VILLI WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. - TWIN B: -- THREE VESSEL UMBILICAL CORD WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- FETAL MEMBRANES WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. -- PLACENTAL DISC WITH THIRD TRIMESTER VILLI WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
Pathology seen only in twin pregnancies
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
General
- Abbreviated as TTTS.
Definition:
- Monozygotic twins that share a placental disc, have vessels which cross-over between the twins that lead to a blood imbalance between the two twins.
- Only seen in monozygotic twins.
- Vascular connection may be vein-to-vein, artery-to-vein, artery-to-artery (uncommon).[2]
Prevalence:
- Seen in ~15% of monozygotic twins.[2]
Clinical:
- Donor:
- Twin: hypovolemic, oliguric, oligohydramnic, +/- anemia, +/-hypoglycemia, +/- small pale organs.
- Placental disc: large, pale.
- Recipient:
- Twin: hypervolemia, polyuria, polyhydramnios, +/- hydrops fetalis, +/- CHF, hemolytic janundice, +/- large congested organs.
- Placental disc: small, firm, congested.
Gross
- Large vessels that connect the two umbilical cords.
Microscopic
Features:[3]
- Artery-to-vein anatomosis - where artery and vein are associated with different umbilical cords.
- Donor twin side of placenta:
- Edematous villi.
- Increased nucleated RBCs.
- Recipient twin side of placenta:
- Congested.
See also
References
- ↑ Sternberg, Stephen S. (1997). Histology for Pathologists (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 979. ISBN 978-0397517183.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 469. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 469-70. ISBN 978-0781765275.