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==Actinomycetes== | ==Actinomycetes== | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*IUD needs to be removed if found on a pap test<ref name=Ref_WMSP446>{{Ref WMSP|446}}</ref> - see ''[[Gynecologic cytopathology#Actinomycetes|gynecologic cytopathology]]''. | *[[IUD]] needs to be removed if found on a pap test<ref name=Ref_WMSP446>{{Ref WMSP|446}}</ref> - see ''[[Gynecologic cytopathology#Actinomycetes|gynecologic cytopathology]]''. | ||
*Gram-positive branching rods. | *[[Gram]]-positive branching rods. | ||
*Common in the tonsils. | *Common in the tonsils. | ||
*Part of the large [[Actinobacteria]] group.<ref name=pmid17804669>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ventura | first1 = M. | last2 = Canchaya | first2 = C. | last3 = Tauch | first3 = A. | last4 = Chandra | first4 = G. | last5 = Fitzgerald | first5 = GF. | last6 = Chater | first6 = KF. | last7 = van Sinderen | first7 = D. | title = Genomics of Actinobacteria: tracing the evolutionary history of an ancient phylum. | journal = Microbiol Mol Biol Rev | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 495-548 | month = Sep | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.00005-07 | PMID = 17804669 | PMC = 2168647}}</ref> | *Part of the large [[Actinobacteria]] group.<ref name=pmid17804669>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ventura | first1 = M. | last2 = Canchaya | first2 = C. | last3 = Tauch | first3 = A. | last4 = Chandra | first4 = G. | last5 = Fitzgerald | first5 = GF. | last6 = Chater | first6 = KF. | last7 = van Sinderen | first7 = D. | title = Genomics of Actinobacteria: tracing the evolutionary history of an ancient phylum. | journal = Microbiol Mol Biol Rev | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 495-548 | month = Sep | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.00005-07 | PMID = 17804669 | PMC = 2168647}}</ref> | ||
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Notes: | Notes: | ||
*''Mycete'' = fungus; these organisms have a fungus-like appearance. | *''Mycete'' = fungus; these organisms have a fungus-like appearance. | ||
** Also called ''pseudomycosis''. | |||
===Gross=== | ===Gross=== | ||
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*Sulfur granule may be seen grossly - yellow.<ref name=medsc>URL: [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-2.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-2.htm]. Accessed on: 14 September 2011.</ref> | *Sulfur granule may be seen grossly - yellow.<ref name=medsc>URL: [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-2.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-2.htm]. Accessed on: 14 September 2011.</ref> | ||
Images | ====Images==== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Actinomyces_-_high_mag.jpg | Actinomyces - high mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Actinomyces_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Actinomyces - very high mag. (WC) | |||
File:Actinomycetes_CNS_HE.jpg | Purulent encephalitis with actinomyces in HE. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:Actinomycetes_CNS_grocott.jpg | Purulent encephalitis with actinomyces in Grocott. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
</gallery> | |||
*[http://pathology.class.kmu.edu.tw/ch05/Slide42.htm Actinobacteria (kmu.edu.tw)]. | *[http://pathology.class.kmu.edu.tw/ch05/Slide42.htm Actinobacteria (kmu.edu.tw)]. | ||
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*PAS +ve. | *PAS +ve. | ||
**May be confused with a fungus! | **May be confused with a fungus! | ||
*Grocott +ve. | |||
==Helicobacter pylori== | ==Helicobacter pylori== | ||
*Commonly abbreviated ''H. pylori'' or ''HP''. | |||
===General=== | |||
*[[Gram stain|Gram]]-negative rods.<ref name=pmid21290743>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mobley | first1 = HLT. | last2 = Mendz | first2 = GL. | last3 = Hazell | first3 = SL. | last4 = Andersen | first4 = LP. | last5 = Wadström | first5 = T. | title = Basic Bacteriology and Culture | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = | year = | doi = | PMID = 21290743 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2444/}} </ref> | |||
*Causes [[gastritis]] - specifically [[Helicobacter gastritis]]. | |||
*Associated with [[peptic ulcer disease]], [[MALT lymphoma]] and [[gastric carcinoma]]. | |||
===Microscopy=== | |||
:See ''[[Helicobacter gastritis]]''. | :See ''[[Helicobacter gastritis]]''. | ||
==Clostridium difficile== | ==Clostridium difficile== | ||
*Commonly ''C. difficile''. | *Commonly ''C. difficile''. | ||
*Classic cause of [[pseudomembranous colitis]]. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
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*May mimic a malignancy. | *May mimic a malignancy. | ||
*Strong association with [[HIV]]. | *Strong association with [[HIV]]. | ||
*TB has characteristics of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.<ref name=pmid12356459>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = LM. | last2 = Fu-Liu | first2 = CS. | title = Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a closer relative to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial pathogens? | journal = Tuberculosis (Edinb) | volume = 82 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 85-90 | month = | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12356459 }}</ref> | |||
**Gram stain: subtle positive,<ref name=pmid22476652>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kawakami | first1 = S. | last2 = Kawamura | first2 = Y. | last3 = Nishiyama | first3 = K. | last4 = Hatanaka | first4 = H. | last5 = Fujisaki | first5 = R. | last6 = Ono | first6 = Y. | last7 = Miyazawa | first7 = Y. | last8 = Nishiya | first8 = H. | title = Case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis: Gram staining as a useful initial diagnostic clue for tuberculous meningitis. | journal = J Infect Chemother | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 931-6 | month = Dec | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1007/s10156-012-0382-y | PMID = 22476652 }}</ref> often weak positive/little staining.<ref name=pmid21327691>{{Cite journal | last1 = Atsukawa | first1 = Y. | last2 = Kawakami | first2 = S. | last3 = Asahara | first3 = M. | last4 = Ishigaki | first4 = S. | last5 = Tanaka | first5 = T. | last6 = Ono | first6 = Y. | last7 = Nishiya | first7 = H. | last8 = Fujisaki | first8 = R. | last9 = Koga | first9 = I. | title = The usefulness of changing focus during examination using Gram staining as initial diagnostic clue for infective tuberculosis. | journal = J Infect Chemother | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 571-4 | month = Aug | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1007/s10156-011-0216-3 | PMID = 21327691 }}</ref> | |||
**Genetically closer to Gram negative microorganism than Gram positive organisms - when the whole genome is considered.<ref name=pmid12143965>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fu | first1 = LM. | last2 = Fu-Liu | first2 = CS. | title = Genome comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other bacteria. | journal = OMICS | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 199-206 | month = | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1089/153623102760092797 | PMID = 12143965 }}</ref> | |||
====Clinical==== | ====Clinical==== | ||
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Treatment: | Treatment: | ||
*Multiple drugs for a long time (months). | *Multiple drugs for a long time (months). | ||
**Commonly used drugs: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. | **Commonly used drugs: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. | ||
===Gross=== | ===Gross=== | ||
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DDx: | DDx: | ||
*[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]. | *[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]. | ||
*Other [[granuloma|granulomatous disease]]. | |||
Images: | Images: | ||
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==Mycobacterium avium complex== | ==Mycobacterium avium complex== | ||
*Abbreviated ''MAC''. | *Abbreviated ''[[MAC]]''. | ||
*Previously referred to as ''Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare'', abbreviated ''MAI''. | *Previously referred to as ''Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare'', abbreviated ''MAI''. | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
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*Similar to pyogenic granuloma - ''see [[pyogenic granuloma]]''. | *Similar to pyogenic granuloma - ''see [[pyogenic granuloma]]''. | ||
Features - ''cat-scratch disease'': | Features - ''[[cat-scratch disease]]'': | ||
*Stellate granulomas. | *Stellate granulomas. | ||
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Image: | Image: | ||
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_culture_negative_endocarditis.jpg Bartonella henselae (WC)]. | *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_culture_negative_endocarditis.jpg Bartonella henselae (WC)]. | ||
==Lactobacillus== | |||
===General=== | |||
*Gram positive bacilli. | |||
*Normal vaginal flora. | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features: | |||
*Slender bacilli. | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Lactobacillus_sp_01.png | Lactobacilli. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Pseudomonas== | |||
===General=== | |||
*Gram-negative bacteria. | |||
*Common pathogenic ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''. | |||
*Community-acquired [[bronchopneumonia]]. | |||
**May be seen under nail - causes green nails.<ref name=pmid23064921>{{Cite journal | last1 = Barankin | first1 = B. | last2 = Levy | first2 = J. | title = Dermacase. Can you identify this condition? Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. | journal = Can Fam Physician | volume = 58 | issue = 10 | pages = 1103-4 | month = Oct | year = 2012 | doi = | PMID = 23064921 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hengge | first1 = UR. | last2 = Bardeli | first2 = V. | title = Images in clinical medicine. Green nails. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 360 | issue = 11 | pages = 1125 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMicm0706497 | PMID = 19279344 }}</ref> | |||
===Gross=== | |||
*Green [[nail]]. | |||
Images: | |||
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470509/figure/f1-0581103/ Green nail (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid23064921/> | |||
==Sarcina== | |||
{{Main|Sarcina}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== |