Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour

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Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour, also Sertoli-Leydig tumour, is a rare tumour of the gonad in the sex cord-stromal group of tumours.

General

  • Sertoli and leydig cells are normal in the testis.
    • Tumor was called androblastoma or arrhenoblastoma in the past
  • May present with masculinization (virilization).[1]
  • May present as abdominal swelling or pain.
  • Generally a tumor of younger women and can present in children.[2]
    • 75% younger than 30 years of age
    • 10% over 50 years of age.
  • DICER1 mutation common in moderately and poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours.[3]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Sertoli or Leydig cells.[4]
    • Leydig cells:
      • Polygonal pink cells
      • Abundant solid or somewhat granular eosinophilic cytoplasm.
      • Round nuclei with fine chromatin and a small or indistinct nucleolus.
      • Often in small clusters ~ 5-25 cells/cluster.
    • Sertoli cells:
      • Pale/clear vacuolated cytoplasm.
      • Irregular nuclei with irregular/vacuolated-appearing chromatin.
      • Architecture: tubules, cords or sheets.
        • Classic Sertoli tubule shows an 'antipodal arrangement of nuclei'
          • Nuclei sit near the basement membrane away from the tubule lumen.
          • A fair bit of cytoplasm sits above the nucleus.
          • Lumen is round.
      • Mitotic activity may be much lower than expected for the degree of atypia (in comparison to adenocarcinoma).
    • Stroma
      • Varies from fibrous pink stroma in well differentiated tumors to cellular primative stroma in poorly differentiated tumors.
      • +/-Stromal edema may be prominent
  • Growth Patterns:
    • Well-differentiated.
      • Hollow or solid tubules of mature Sertoli cells with Leydig cells in the intervening stroma.
    • Intermediate (most common).
      • Jumbled admixture of dark blue Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.
      • Lobules comprising sheets of Sertoli cells.
      • Some areas of tubules.
    • Poorly differentiated.
      • Masses of malignant spindle cells – sheets of cells can be reminiscent of fibrosarcoma or granulosa cell tumour.
      • Tubules may be a very minor element.
      • Poorly differentiated tumours have sarcomatous features.[4]
    • Retiform.[5]
      • Tumour resembles rete testis/ovary with an irregular network of elongated slit-like tubules and cysts, which may contain papillae.
    • With heterologous element.
      • Mucinous intestinal-type epithelium, cartilage, skeletal muscle.
      • Heterologous elements can occur in retiform or poorly differentiated tumours.
      • +/-Sarcomatous features (mucinous glands, bone, cartilage).


DDx:

  • Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary (sertoliform variant)
    • Should be positive for EMA, CK7 and negative for inhibin and calretinin.[6]
    • Should have some characteristic areas of endometriod carcinoma and may have some typical features
      • Cilia, squamous metaplasia, mucin production
  • Luteinized adult granulosa cell tumour - super rare, 50% of cell with eosinophilic cytoplasm, other findings of granulosa cell tumour, e.g. Call-Exner bodies. More likely to be keratin negative than a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. [7]
  • Ovarian carcinosarcoma - especially considering poorly differentiated versions with heterologous areas.

Retiform variant

  • Ovarian serous carcinoma - generally carcinoma patients are older.
  • Ovarian yolk sac tumor

Images

  • Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour - high mag. (WC)

  • Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour - very high mag. (WC)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - Well differentiated - low power (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - Well differentiated - low power (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - Well differentiated - medium power (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - Well differentiated (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - Well differentiated (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - Well differentiated - see how much cytoplasm is between the nucleus and the lumen? See the crisp outline of the lumen by the apical membrane of the cells - this is a typical Leydig tubule. (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - Well differentiated (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - medium power - This example is somewhat between the previous well differentiated and following intermediate differentiated examples (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - medium power (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli Leydig Cell Tumor - medium power (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor - Intermediate differentiation - Medium power (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor - Intermediate differentiation - High power (SKB)

  • Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor - Intermediate differentiation - High power (SKB)

www:

Prognosis

  • Dependant on degree of differentiation and stage at presentation.[8]
  • Heterologous mesenchymal elements may portend a worse outcome.[9]

IHC

Features:[10]

  • Inhibin +ve
  • Calretinin +ve.
  • WT-1 +ve.
  • Melan A (MART-1) +ve - marks the Leydig component.
  • Vimentin +ve.[11]
  • CD99 +ve.
  • AE1/AE3 and pankeratin +ve

Others:[11]

Keep in mind that this is a biphasic tumor - Leydig cells will not be Pan-keratin positive - Sertoli cells do not express calretinin - Both components express inhibin - etcetera - interpreting this immunopanal requires correlation with the histomorphology. Immunoreactivity may be focal.

Pan-keratins and AE1/AE3 may mark granulosa cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors causing confusion with adenocarcinoma. EMA is a better marker to exclude an epithelial tumor as EMA is negative in sex cord-stromal tumors. Highlighting why a panel of stains is needed, endometrioid adenocarcinomas may occasionally weakly express inhibin, calretinin or WT-1.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Xiao, H.; Li, B.; Zuo, J.; Feng, X.; Li, X.; Zhang, R.; Wu, L. (Mar 2013). "Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor: a report of seven cases and a review of the literature.". Gynecol Endocrinol 29 (3): 192-5. doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.738723. PMID 23173550.
  2. ↑ Young, RH.; Scully, RE. (Aug 1985). "Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. A clinicopathological analysis of 207 cases.". Am J Surg Pathol 9 (8): 543-69. PMID 3911780.
  3. ↑ de Kock, L.; Terzic, T.; McCluggage, WG.; Stewart, CJR.; Shaw, P.; Foulkes, WD.; Clarke, BA. (Sep 2017). "DICER1 Mutations Are Consistently Present in Moderately and Poorly Differentiated Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors.". Am J Surg Pathol 41 (9): 1178-1187. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000895. PMID 28654427.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1103. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  5. ↑ Young, RH.; Scully, RE. (Dec 1983). "Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors with a retiform pattern: a problem in histopathologic diagnosis. A report of 25 cases.". Am J Surg Pathol 7 (8): 755-71. PMID 6660351.
  6. ↑ McCluggage, WG.; Young, RH. (Apr 2007). "Ovarian sertoli-leydig cell tumors with pseudoendometrioid tubules (pseudoendometrioid sertoli-leydig cell tumors).". Am J Surg Pathol 31 (4): 592-7. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000213365.56498.72. PMID 17414107.
  7. ↑ Ganesan, R.; Hirschowitz, L.; Baltrušaitytė, I.; McCluggage, WG. (Sep 2011). "Luteinized adult granulosa cell tumor--a series of 9 cases: revisiting a rare variant of adult granulosa cell tumor.". Int J Gynecol Pathol 30 (5): 452-9. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e318214b17f. PMID 21804396.
  8. ↑ Young, RH.; Scully, RE. (Aug 1985). "Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. A clinicopathological analysis of 207 cases.". Am J Surg Pathol 9 (8): 543-69. PMID 3911780.
  9. ↑ Zaloudek, C.; Norris, HJ. (Jun 1984). "Sertoli-Leydig tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic study of 64 intermediate and poorly differentiated neoplasms.". Am J Surg Pathol 8 (6): 405-18. PMID 6731664.
  10. ↑ Zhao, C.; Vinh, TN.; McManus, K.; Dabbs, D.; Barner, R.; Vang, R. (Mar 2009). "Identification of the most sensitive and robust immunohistochemical markers in different categories of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors.". Am J Surg Pathol 33 (3): 354-66. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318188373d. PMID 19033865.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kondi-Pafiti, A.; Grapsa, D.; Kairi-Vassilatou, E.; Carvounis, E.; Hasiakos, D.; Kontogianni, K.; Fotiou, S. (2010). "Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 21 cases.". Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 31 (1): 94-8. PMID 20349790.
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