Peripheral nerve sheath tumours

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Peripheral nerve sheath tumours, abbreviated PNSTs, are common in neuropathology and occasionally show-up elsewhere. A very common PNST is the schwannoma.

Classification

A classification:[1]

Specific diagnoses

Schwannoma

General

Microscopic

Features:[1]

  • Antoni A:
    • Cellular.
    • 'Fibrillary, polar, elongated'.
  • Antoni B:
    • Pauci-cellular.
    • Loose microcystic tissue.
  • Verocay bodies - paucinuclear area surrounded by nuclei - diagnostic feature.
  • Hyaline thickened blood vessels.
  • Thick capsule.
  • In the GI tract: classically have a peripheral lymphoid cuff.[2]
  • +/-Hemosiderin deposition within tumour.

Notes:

  • Tumour does not smear well.[3]
  • Antoni A: may look somewhat like scattered matchsticks.

DDx:

Images:

Schwannoma subtypes

There are four:[4]

  1. Conventional schwannoma.
  2. Cellular schwannoma.
  3. Plexiform schwannoma.
  4. Melanotic schwannoma.
Conventional schwannoma
  • Most common.
Cellular schwannoma

Images:

Plexiform schwannoma
  • May mimic MPNST if cellular - esp. in childhood.

Images:

Melanotic schwannoma
  • May be confused with melanoma.
  • Psammomatous form (psammomatous melanotic schwannoma) associated with a heritable disorder (Carney complex).

Note:

  • Carney complex:[4]
    • Cutaneous lentigines.
    • Myxomas (skin (subcutaneous), subcutanous, heart).
    • Endocrine neoplasms.

Images:

IHC

Features:[5]

Perineurioma

General

  • Benign tumour derived from perineurial cells.

Variant:

  • Reticular perineurioma.[8]

Microscopic

Features:[9]

  • Perineural epithelioid cells.
    • Abundant pale, fluffy appearing cytoplasm.

Note:

  • May be intraneural.[9]

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[10][11]

  • S100 -ve.
  • EMA +ve.
  • CD34 ~65% +ve.[10]

Traumatic neuroma

General

  • Consequence of trauma - diagnosis requires history of trauma.
    • May mimic a cancer recurrence at the site of a surgery.[12]

Microscopic

Features:[13][12]

  • +/-Nerve - that was injured.
  • Grouping of disordered nerve fibre bundles in fibrous tissue (collagen) - key feature.
  • +/-Myxoid change.
  • +/-Axonal swellings (ovoid pink/purple blobs).

DDx:

Images:

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SOFT TISSUE LESION, RIGHT WRIST, EXCISION:
- TRAUMATIC NEUROMA.
- BENIGN FIBROADIPOSE TISSUE.

Micro

The sections show disordered nerve fibre bundles in fibrous tissue.

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma

  • Abbreviated PEN.
  • AKA palisaded and encapsulated neuroma.

General

  • Flesh-colour papule - classically on the face.[15]
  • Isolated finding - not associated with a systemic disease or malignancy.[16]
  • Superficial skin.[17]

Microscopic

Features:[15]

  • Encapsulated dermal spindle cell lesion.
    • Fasciular arrangement.
    • Neural-type spindle cells:
      1. Not vacuolated.
      2. Nuclei have pointy ends.
  • Intralesional clefts.
    • Useful to differentiate from schwannoma.

DDx:

  • Schwannoma:[15]
    • No intralesional clefts.
    • More variability in the cellularity.
    • May be deep.

Other considerations:

  • Leiomyoma - cytoplasm not vacuolated, nuclei more elliptical.

Images:

IHC

Features:[16]

  • S100 +ve.
  • EMA +ve (capsule of lesion).

Neurofibroma

General

Classification:[18]

  1. Localized - sporatic.
  2. Diffuse - usually poorly defined, young adults and children; sporatic.
  3. Plexiform - associated with NF1.

Gross/radiologic

Gross features (plexiform NF):[18]

  • "Bag of worms" appearance.

Radiologic:[18]

  • Fusiform mass.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Spindle cells with wavy nuclei without pleomorphism - key feature.
    • Often described as "shredded carrots".
  • May be arranged in fascicles and intermixed with collagen.
    • Often no pattern is apparent.
  • Moderate increase of cellularity vis-a-vis normal dermis.
  • May be poorly or well-circumscribed.
  • +/-Plexiform growth pattern - "bag of worms".[1]
    • Multiple well-circumscribed nests.
  • Mast cells[19] - one has to look for them at high power.
    • Very useful for confirming the low power suspicion.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[5]

  • S100 +ve.
  • CD34 +ve.
  • Glut1 +ve.
  • EMA +ve/-ve.

Neurothekeoma

  • AKA myxoma of the nerve sheath, AKA nerve sheath myxoma.

General

  • Rare.
  • Female > male.

Microscopic

Features:[20]

  • Superficial dermal lesion:
    • Usu. lobulated or micronodular architecture - key feature.
      • +/-Focal sheeting.
    • Spindle/epithelioid morphology with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm - key feature.
    • +/-Inflammation around lesion.
    • +/-Surrounded by collagen.

Notes:

  • No atypia.
  • Mitoses rare/none.
  • Often poorly circumscribed.

Subtypes:[21]

  • Cellular.
  • Myxoid.
  • Intermediate.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[20]

  • NKI/C3 (AKA NKI-C3) +ve.
  • NSE +/-ve.

Others:[23]

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • CD10 +ve.
  • Microphthalmia transcription factor +ve.
  • PGP9.5 +ve.

Exclusionary:

  • S100 -ve.
    • Exclude other peripheral nerve sheath tumours. (???)

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

  • AKA neurofibrosarcoma.[24]
  • Commonly abbreviated MPNST.

General

Microscopic

Features:

  • Cellular.
  • Nuclear atypia.
  • Mitoses.
  • +/-Herring bone pattern.

Notes:

  • May be diagnosed in a poorly diff. tumour if patient has NF1.

DDx:

DDx of herring bone:

Images:

Grading

  • Can be graded histologically,[25] and this is prognostic.[26]

Sarcoma grading system[27] - based on:

  • Tumour differentiation.
  • Mitotic rate.
  • Necrosis.

IHC

Features:[6]

  • S-100 +ve ~ 30% of tumours.
  • SOX10 +ve ~ 50% of tumours.

Others:[25]

  • p53.
  • p16.
  • p27.
  • MIB1.

Malignant triton tumour

  • Abbreviated MTT.
  • AKA malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation.[28]

General

  • Rare.
  • Considered to be a variant of MPNST.
  • Prognosis worse that conventional MPNST.[28]
    • Five year survival ~14%.[29]
  • Diagnosis may require clinical information, i.e. individual has a history of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

Note:

  • A handful of benign triton tumours are reported; these are considered neuromuscular hamartomas.[30]

Microscopic

Features - Woodruff criteria - all three required:[28]

  1. (a) Tumour arise from a peripheral nerve or (b) individual has NF1 or (c) lesion a metastasis arising in the context of (a) or (b).
  2. Schwann cell tumour characteristics.
  3. Rhabdomyoblasts.
    • Eccentric nucleus.
    • Moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm.
    • +/-Cross-striations.

DDx:

IHC

Features:

  • S100 +ve/-ve -- usu. focal if positive.[28]
  • Leu-7 +ve/-ve.
  • Myelin basic protein +ve/-ve.

Rhabdomyoblastic differentiation:[28]

  • Desmin.
  • Actin.
  • Myogenin.

EM

Morton neuroma

General

  • Benign foot condition.
  • Uncommon.
  • Usu. interdigital nerves.

Etiology:

  • Indirect nerve trauma.

Clinical:[31]

  • Foot pain.

Microscopic

Features:[31]

  • Extensive fibrosis around and within the nerve.
  • Digital artery:

DDx:

Image:

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Wippold FJ, Lubner M, Perrin RJ, Lämmle M, Perry A (October 2007). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: Antoni A and Antoni B tissue patterns". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 (9): 1633–8. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0682. PMID 17893219. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/9/1633.
  2. Levy AD, Quiles AM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH (March 2005). "Gastrointestinal schwannomas: CT features with clinicopathologic correlation". AJR Am J Roentgenol 184 (3): 797–802. PMID 15728600. http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/184/3/797.
  3. MUN. 24 November 2010.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Kurtkaya-Yapicier O, Scheithauer B, Woodruff JM (July 2003). "The pathobiologic spectrum of Schwannomas". Histol. Histopathol. 18 (3): 925–34. PMID 12792904.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Hirose T, Tani T, Shimada T, Ishizawa K, Shimada S, Sano T (April 2003). "Immunohistochemical demonstration of EMA/Glut1-positive perineurial cells and CD34-positive fibroblastic cells in peripheral nerve sheath tumors". Mod. Pathol. 16 (4): 293–8. doi:10.1097/01.MP.0000062654.83617.B7. PMID 12692193. http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/full/3880761a.html.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP (September 2008). "Sox10: a pan-schwannian and melanocytic marker". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 32 (9): 1291–8. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181658c14. PMID 18636017.
  7. Rushing, EJ.; Bouffard, JP.; McCall, S.; Olsen, C.; Mena, H.; Sandberg, GD.; Thompson, LD. (Jun 2009). "Primary extracranial meningiomas: an analysis of 146 cases.". Head Neck Pathol 3 (2): 116-30. doi:10.1007/s12105-009-0118-1. PMID 19644540.
  8. Graadt van Roggen, JF.; McMenamin, ME.; Belchis, DA.; Nielsen, GP.; Rosenberg, AE.; Fletcher, CD. (Apr 2001). "Reticular perineurioma: a distinctive variant of soft tissue perineurioma.". Am J Surg Pathol 25 (4): 485-93. PMID 11257623.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Mills, Stacey E; Carter, Darryl; Greenson, Joel K; Reuter, Victor E; Stoler, Mark H (2009). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 424. ISBN 978-0781779425.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Hornick, JL.; Fletcher, CD. (Jul 2005). "Soft tissue perineurioma: clinicopathologic analysis of 81 cases including those with atypical histologic features.". Am J Surg Pathol 29 (7): 845-58. PMID 15958848.
  11. Tsang, WY.; Chan, JK.; Chow, LT.; Tse, CC. (Aug 1992). "Perineurioma: an uncommon soft tissue neoplasm distinct from localized hypertrophic neuropathy and neurofibroma.". Am J Surg Pathol 16 (8): 756-63. PMID 1497116.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Li, Q.; Gao, EL.; Yang, YL.; Hu, HY.; Hu, XQ. (2012). "Traumatic neuroma in a patient with breast cancer after mastectomy: a case report and review of the literature.". World J Surg Oncol 10: 35. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-10-35. PMID 22330690.
  13. Tadrous, Paul.J. Diagnostic Criteria Handbook in Histopathology: A Surgical Pathology Vade Mecum (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 317. ISBN 978-0470519035.
  14. Kwon, JH.; Ryu, SW.; Kang, YN.. "Traumatic neuroma around the celiac trunk after gastrectomy mimicking a nodal metastasis: a case report.". Korean J Radiol 8 (3): 242-5. PMC 2627419. PMID 17554193. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627419/.
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 536. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Newman, MD.; Milgraum, S. (2008). "Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN): an often misdiagnosed neural tumor.". Dermatol Online J 14 (7): 12. PMID 18718196.
  17. S. Sade. 8 September 2011.
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 Wilkinson, LM.; Manson, D.; Smith, CR. (Oct 2004). "Best cases from the AFIP: plexiform neurofibroma of the bladder.". Radiographics 24 Suppl 1: S237-42. doi:10.1148/rg.24si035170. PMID 15486243.
  19. Staser, K.; Yang, FC.; Clapp, DW. (Jul 2010). "Mast cells and the neurofibroma microenvironment.". Blood 116 (2): 157-64. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-09-242875. PMID 20233971.
  20. 20.0 20.1 Hornick JL, Fletcher CD (March 2007). "Cellular neurothekeoma: detailed characterization in a series of 133 cases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31 (3): 329–40. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000213360.03133.89. PMID 17325474.
  21. Wang AR, May D, Bourne P, Scott G (November 1999). "PGP9.5: a marker for cellular neurothekeoma". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 23 (11): 1401–7. PMID 10555009.
  22. URL: http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/angiomatoid_fibrous_histiocytoma/. Accessed on: 11 May 2011.
  23. Fetsch JF, Laskin WB, Hallman JR, Lupton GP, Miettinen M (July 2007). "Neurothekeoma: an analysis of 178 tumors with detailed immunohistochemical data and long-term patient follow-up information". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31 (7): 1103–14. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31802d96af. PMID 17592278.
  24. Mills, AM.; Karamchandani, JR.; Vogel, H.; Longacre, TA. (Mar 2011). "Endocervical fibroblastic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (neurofibrosarcoma): report of a novel entity possibly related to endocervical CD34 fibrocytes.". Am J Surg Pathol 35 (3): 404-12. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318208f72e. PMID 21317712.
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  26. Kar M, Deo SV, Shukla NK, et al. (2006). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST)--clinicopathological study and treatment outcome of twenty-four cases". World J Surg Oncol 4: 55. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-4-55. PMC 1560134. PMID 16923196. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560134/.
  27. Trojani M, Contesso G, Coindre JM, et al. (January 1984). "Soft-tissue sarcomas of adults; study of pathological prognostic variables and definition of a histopathological grading system". Int. J. Cancer 33 (1): 37–42. PMID 6693192.
  28. 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 Stasik, CJ.; Tawfik, O. (Dec 2006). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation (malignant triton tumor).". Arch Pathol Lab Med 130 (12): 1878-81. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1878:MPNSTW]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17149968.
  29. McConnell, YJ.; Giacomantonio, CA. (Jan 2012). "Malignant triton tumors-complete surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy associated with improved survival.". J Surg Oncol. doi:10.1002/jso.23042. PMID 22253011.
  30. Castro, DE.; Raghuram, K.; Phillips, CD. (Apr 2005). "Benign triton tumor of the trigeminal nerve.". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (4): 967-9. PMID 15814954.
  31. 31.0 31.1 Mills, Stacey E; Carter, Darryl; Greenson, Joel K; Oberman, Harold A; Reuter, Victor E (2004). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 243. ISBN 978-0781740517.