Leukemia

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A bone marrow of an individual with precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Wright stain. (WC)

The term leukemia is broadly used to refer to any haematological malignancy where the neoplastic cells in the circulation are the prominent feature. It is generally only seen by anatomical pathologists only in countries where hematopathology reporting is done by anatomical pathologists rather than hematologists.

Lymphoma is discussed in the lymphoma article, and overlaps somewhat with leukemia as the clear distinction between the two is somewhat arbitrary and historical:[1]

  • Leukemia = involves bone marrow +/- peripheral blood.
    • Classic presentation: infection, bleeding, anemia.
  • Lymphoma = discrete mass(es), usu. lymph node.
    • Classic presentation: non-tender lymph nodes

Leukemias may present as discrete massess, e.g. in the skin (leukemia cutis) or at other sites, where it is known by various names (myeloid sarcoma, chloroma, etc.).

Most leukemias are typically classified into acute or chronic. As a general rule, the designation of acute signifies a more immature and aggressive phenotype, whilst chronic leukemias generally show a more differentiated phenotype and run a more indolent course. There are exceptions, of course, and some chronic leukemias may transform into acute lymphomas.

Definition

This varies with the type.

For acute myeloid leukemia, all of the following:[2]

  1. Morphologic abnormalities.
  2. >20% blasts or recurrent cytogenetic abnormality.

Leukemia classification

  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this context, myeloid is used broadly to refer to non-lymphoid precursors rather than the more limited meaning granulopoietic:
    1. AML.
    2. AML with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities, e.g. t(8;21), inv(16) and t(15;17).
    3. AML arising from MDS.
    4. AML in the setting of Down syndrome.

A few fall under the umbrella of myeloproliferative neoplasms:

And others under the myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic overlap syndromes:

Other less common leukemias:

  • Hairy cell leukemia
  • T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
  • T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukaemia (T-LGL)
  • Plasma cell leukaemia
  • Mast cell leukemia

Histomorphologic overview

Disease/Feature Blast size Auer rods Granulation of cytoplasm
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) larger present present
Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) smaller † none absent or present

† should be easy to remember as smALL people, i.e. kids, get this type of acute leukemia.

Algorithms

There is a nice set of algorithms from D. Arber - that were presented at the 2009 USCAP.

Clinical factors in classification

Clinical are important in the classification of leukemia.

Prognosis

Highly dependent on health care system and treatment available[3]

  • 5-year overall survival in children ranges:
  1. lymphoid leukaemia: 52.4% (Colombia) to 91.6% (Germany)
  2. acute myleoid leukemia: 33.3% (Bulgaria) to 78.2% (Germany)

See also

References

  1. Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 314. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  2. D. Good. 21 March 2011.
  3. Bonaventure, A.; Harewood, R.; Stiller, CA.; Gatta, G.; Clavel, J.; Stefan, DC.; Carreira, H.; Spika, D. et al. (Apr 2017). "Worldwide comparison of survival from childhood leukaemia for 1995-2009, by subtype, age, and sex (CONCORD-2): a population-based study of individual data for 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries.". Lancet Haematol. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30052-2. PMID 28411119.