Difference between revisions of "Celiac sprue"

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(+infobox)
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{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Coeliac_path.jpg
| Caption    = Celiac disease. [[H&E stain]].
| Micro      = Intraepithelial lymphocytes +/- villous blunting
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = [[Giardiasis]], [[lymphoma]]
| Stains    =
| IHC        =
| EM        =
| Molecular  =
| IF        =
| Gross      =
| Prevalence = Uncommon
| Clinical  = TTG +ve
| ClinDDx    = Normal.
| SignsSx    = Diarrhea.
| Site      = [[Duodenum]].
}}
'''Celiac sprue''', also '''celiac disease''', is a common pathology that affects the [[duodenum]].  
'''Celiac sprue''', also '''celiac disease''', is a common pathology that affects the [[duodenum]].  


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*Mitosis increased (in the crypts).
*Mitosis increased (in the crypts).
*+/-Collagen band (pink material in mucosa) - "Collagenous sprue"; must encompass ~25% of mucosa.
*+/-Collagen band (pink material in mucosa) - "Collagenous sprue"; must encompass ~25% of mucosa.
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coeliac_path.jpg Celiac sprue (WC)].


Notes:  
Notes:  
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*[[Autoimmune enteropathy]].
*[[Autoimmune enteropathy]].
**Super duper rare.
**Super duper rare.
===Image===
<gallery>
Image:Coeliac_path.jpg | Celiac sprue. (WC)
</gallery>


===Refractory sprue===
===Refractory sprue===

Revision as of 04:38, 24 May 2013

Celiac sprue
Diagnosis in short

Celiac disease. H&E stain.

LM Intraepithelial lymphocytes +/- villous blunting
LM DDx Giardiasis, lymphoma
Site Duodenum.

Prevalence Uncommon
Clin. DDx Normal.


Celiac sprue, also celiac disease, is a common pathology that affects the duodenum.

It should not be confused with tropical sprue.

An introduction to gastrointestinal pathology is in the gastrointestinal pathology article. It covers basic gastrointestinal histology.

Etiology

  • Autoimmune.

Epidemiology

Associated with:

Variants of celiac sprue

  1. Latent celiac sprue.
    • ONLY intraepithelial lymphocytes.
    • NO villous arch. change.
  2. Refractory celiac sprue.
    • Subclassified - see microscopic.
  3. Collagenous sprue.
    • Abundant mucosal collagen - see microscopic.

Clinical

Treatment

  • Gluten free diet.
    • Mnemonic: BROW = barley, rye, oats, wheat.

Serologic testing

  • Anti-tissue transglutaminase (TTG) antibody -- >10 U/mL considered positive.[7]
    • Alternative test: anti-endomysial antibody.
  • Anti-gliadin antibodies.[8]
  • IgA deficiency - associated with celiac sprue.

Microscopic

Features:[9]

  • Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) - key feature.
    • Should be more pronounced at tips of villi.[10]
    • Criteria for number varies:
      • > 40 IELs / 100 enterocytes (epithelial cells).[11]
      • > 25 IELs / 100 enterocytes (epithelial cells).[12]
  • Loss of villi - important feature.
    • Normal duodenal biopsy should have 3 good villi.
  • Plasma cells - abundant (weak feature).
  • Macrophages.
  • Mitosis increased (in the crypts).
  • +/-Collagen band (pink material in mucosa) - "Collagenous sprue"; must encompass ~25% of mucosa.

Notes:

  • If you see acute inflammatory cells, i.e. neutrophils, consider Giardiasis and other infectious etiologies.
  • Biopsy should consist of 2-3 sites. In children it is important to sample the duodenal cap, as it is the only affected site in ~10% of cases.
  • Flat lesions without IELs are unlikely to be celiac sprue.
  • Mucosa erosions are rare in celiac sprue; should prompt consideration of an alternate diagnosis (infection, medications, Crohn's disease).
  • Biagi et al.[10] count twenty cells in five (villi) tips.

DDx


Image

Refractory sprue

  • Type I: CD3 ~= CD8.
  • Type II: CD3 20% + less than CD8.

Grading

Many pathologists do not grade celiac sprue.

Marsh

The Marsh system, also Marsh-Oberhuber:[11]

Marsh score Descriptors Villi Intraepithelial
lymphocytes (IELs)
Crypts
Normal (Marsh 0) normal normal villi < 40 / 100 epithelial cells normal crypts
Marsh 1 IELs increased normal villi > 40 / 100 epithelial cells normal crypts
Marsh 2 hypertrophic crypts, IELs normal villi > 40 / 100 epithelial cells hypertrophic crypts
Marsh 3a partial villous atrophy / blunted villi (mild) mild atrophy > 40 / 100 epithelial cells hypertrophic crypts
Marsh 3b moderate-to-marked villous atrophy /
blunted villi (moderate-to-marked)
marked atrophy > 40 / 100 epithelial cells hypertrophic crypts
Marsh 3c total villous atrophy, flattened mucosa absent; flat as a pancake > 40 / 100 epithelial cells hypertrophic crypts

Simplified Marsh/Corazza

A simplified Marsh system - based (only) on villous architecture:[12]

Grade Similar Marsh grade Descriptors Alternate descriptors
A Marsh 1 well-formed villi, IELs > 25/100 enterocytes normal villous architecture
B1 Marsh 3a partial villous atrophy; villous-crypt ratio < 3:1 blunted villi
B2 Marsh 3c total villous atrophy flattened mucosa

Notes:

  • Villous atrophy can be assessed endoscopically.[13]

IHC

  • CD3 -- marks the IELs.[10]

Sign out

DUODENUM, BIOPSY: 
- SMALL BOWEL MUCOSA WITH BRUNNER'S GLANDS AND AN INCREASE OF INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES 
  (>50 LYMPHOCYTES/100 ENTEROCYTES), A PRESERVATION OF VILLOUS ARCHITECTURE AND CRYPTS 
  WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, SEE COMMENT. 

COMMENT: 
The findings are consistent with celiac disease, Marsh classification 1.
DUODENUM, BIOPSY: 
- SMALL BOWEL MUCOSA WITH BRUNNER'S GLANDS, AN INCREASE OF INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES 
  (>60 LYMPHOCYTES/100 ENTEROCYTES), AND A BLUNTED VILLOUS ARCHITECTURE, SEE COMMENT. 

COMMENT: 
The findings are consistent with celiac disease, Marsh classification 3a.

See also

References

  1. Greenwald, J.; Heng, M. (2007). Toronto Notes for Medical Students 2007 (2007 ed.). The Toronto Notes Inc. for Medical Students Inc.. pp. D22. ISBN 978-0968592878.
  2. Kumar, V.; Jarzabek-Chorzelska, M.; Sulej, J.; Karnewska, K.; Farrell, T.; Jablonska, S. (Nov 2002). "Celiac disease and immunoglobulin a deficiency: how effective are the serological methods of diagnosis?". Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 (6): 1295-300. PMID 12414763.
  3. Smerud, HK.; Fellström, B.; Hällgren, R.; Osagie, S.; Venge, P.; Kristjánsson, G. (Aug 2009). "Gluten sensitivity in patients with IgA nephropathy.". Nephrol Dial Transplant 24 (8): 2476-81. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp133. PMID 19332868.
  4. Messmann, H. (Apr 2001). "Squamous cell cancer of the oesophagus.". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 15 (2): 249-65. doi:10.1053/bega.2000.0172. PMID 11355914.
  5. West, RA.; McNeill, RW. (Dec 1975). "Maxillary alveolar hyperplasia, diagnosis and treatment planning.". J Maxillofac Surg 3 (4): 239-50. PMID 1060711.
  6. Rampertab, SD.; Fleischauer, A.; Neugut, AI.; Green, PH. (Aug 2003). "Risk of duodenal adenoma in celiac disease.". Scand J Gastroenterol 38 (8): 831-3. PMID 12940435.
  7. URL: http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/82587. Accessed on: 13 August 2012.
  8. Matthias, T.; Pfeiffer, S.; Selmi, C.; Eric Gershwin, M. (Apr 2010). "Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease and the role of the tissue transglutaminase-neo-epitope.". Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 38 (2-3): 298-301. doi:10.1007/s12016-009-8160-z. PMID 19629760.
  9. Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 843. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Biagi F, Luinetti O, Campanella J, et al. (August 2004). "Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the villous tip: do they indicate potential coeliac disease?". J. Clin. Pathol. 57 (8): 835–9. doi:10.1136/jcp.2003.013607. PMC 1770380. PMID 15280404. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770380/.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H (October 1999). "The histopathology of coeliac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 (10): 1185–94. PMID 10524652.
  12. 12.0 12.1 Corazza GR, Villanacci V, Zambelli C, et al. (July 2007). "Comparison of the interobserver reproducibility with different histologic criteria used in celiac disease". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5 (7): 838–43. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.03.019. PMID 17544877.
  13. Ciaccio EJ, Bhagat G, Tennyson CA, Lewis SK, Hernandez L, Green PH (September 2010). "Quantitative Assessment of Endoscopic Images for Degree of Villous Atrophy in Celiac Disease". Dig Dis Sci. doi:10.1007/s10620-010-1371-6. PMID 20844959.

External links

Review article(s)