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'''Microorganisms''' show-up every once in a while. It is essential to know 'em. | '''Microorganisms''' show-up every once in a while. It is essential to know 'em. | ||
== | =Microorganisms= | ||
==Fungi== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Name (disease) | ! Name (disease) | ||
Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
! Image | ! Image | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Aspergillus (aspergillosis) | | Aspergillus ([[aspergillosis]]) | ||
| Fungi | | Fungi | ||
| ? | | ? | ||
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| ? Immunosuppression | | ? Immunosuppression | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | ||
| [ | | [[Image:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Aspergillus. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Zygomycota (zygomycosis);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis) | | Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis) | ||
| Fungi | | Fungi | ||
| ? | | ? | ||
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| Diabetes, immunodeficient | | Diabetes, immunodeficient | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | ||
| [ | | [[Image:Zygomycosis.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Zygomycosis. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis) | | Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis) | ||
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| Immunodeficient | | Immunodeficient | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | ||
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [ | | [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [[Image:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg |thumb|center|150px|C. immitis (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Histoplasma (histoplasmosis) | | Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]]) | ||
| Fungi | | Fungi | ||
| 2-5 micrometers | | 2-5 micrometers | ||
| Spherical | | Spherical | ||
| GMS | | [[GMS]] | ||
| '''Intracellular (unlike candida), granulomata''' | | '''Intracellular (unlike candida), granulomata''' | ||
| Source: soil with bird droppings | | Source: soil with bird droppings | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | ||
| [ | | [[Image:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Histoplasmosis. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Blastomyces ( | | Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]]) | ||
| Fungi | | Fungi | ||
| 5-15 micrometres | | 5-15 micrometres | ||
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| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa | | Habitat: Northeast America, Africa | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref> | ||
| [ | | [[Image:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG | thumb|center|150px|Blastomyces. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Paracoccidioides ( | | Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]]) | ||
| Fungi | | Fungi | ||
| 6-60 micrometres | | 6-60 micrometres | ||
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| Clinical??? | | Clinical??? | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | ||
| [ | | [[Image:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg |thumb|center|150px|P. brasiliensis (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ( | | Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP) | ||
| Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan) | | Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan) | ||
| 7-8 micrometres | | 7-8 micrometres | ||
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| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated | | [[HIV]]/AIDS associated | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref> | ||
| [ | | [[Image:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg|thumb|center|150px| PCP. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]]) | ||
| Fungi | | Fungi | ||
| 5-15 micrometres | | 5-15 micrometres | ||
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| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus | | HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus | ||
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | | <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref> | ||
| [ | | [[Image:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
*'''Bold''' text = key features. | *'''Bold''' text = key features. | ||
==Fungi | =Fungi= | ||
{{Main|Fungi}} | |||
*There are lots of 'em. Below are a few of 'em. | *There are lots of 'em. Below are a few of 'em. | ||
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===Tissue invasive fungi=== | ===Tissue invasive fungi=== | ||
Typically:<ref>CM 17 Apr 2009.</ref> | Typically:<ref>CM 17 Apr 2009.</ref> | ||
*Mucor | *Mucor. | ||
*Aspergillus | *Aspergillus. | ||
== | ===List=== | ||
* | *[[Histoplasmosis]]. | ||
** | *[[Coccidioidomycosis]]. | ||
** | *[[Pneumocystis pneumonia]]. | ||
* | *[[Cryptococcus]]. | ||
*[[Cryptosporidiosis]]. | |||
*[[Candidiasis]]. | |||
*[[Blastomycosis]]. | |||
*[[Mucormycosis]]. | |||
== | =Worms & stuff= | ||
== | ==Schistosomiasis== | ||
:''See [[Urine cytopathology]]''. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
* | *Trematode, i.e. type of worm. | ||
*Due to: | |||
**''Schistosoma mansoni''. | |||
* | **''Schistosoma haematobium''. | ||
**''Schistosoma japonicum'' | |||
*''S. haematobium'' infection associated with [[squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]]. | |||
**Classically presents with hematuria. | |||
* | |||
* | |||
** | |||
** | |||
* | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
Features of ova: | Features of ova (''S. haematobium''):<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/dx.html]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref> | ||
* Elliptical ~ | * Elliptical ~140 micrometres max dimension. | ||
* | * "Spike" approx. the size of a [[PMN]]. | ||
Image: | ====Images==== | ||
*[http:// | <gallery> | ||
Image:Schistosomiasis_haematobia.jpg | Schistosomiasis haematobia. (WC) | |||
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (1) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH) | |||
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (2) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH) | |||
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (3) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH) | |||
Image:Schistosoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image:Schistosoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - very high mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622.html Schistosomiasis - several images (upmc.edu)]. | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/images/fig08.jpg Comparison of Schistosome eggs (upmc.edu/Lancet)]. | |||
==Toxoplasma== | ==Toxoplasma== | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Common CNS infection. | *Common CNS infection. | ||
**''Toxoplasma gondii'' - pathogenic; causes ''toxoplasmosis''. | |||
*Previously classified as a ''protozoa''. | |||
*A [[TORCH infection]]. | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
General: | General: | ||
* | *Tachyzoites (Invasive form): | ||
**Crescent-shaped organisms that are 2-3μm wide by 4-8μm long. | |||
*Bradyzoites: | |||
**Are founded within the tissue cysts and are shorter than tachyzoites. | |||
*Oocysst: | |||
**Ovoid shape that measures 10μm to 12μm and contains four sporozoites. | |||
*Histopathological features depend on location in body. | |||
====Lymph node==== | ====Lymph node==== | ||
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====CNS==== | ====CNS==== | ||
CNS features:<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm]. Accessed on: 19 October 2010.</ref> | CNS features:<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm]. Accessed on: 19 October 2010.</ref> | ||
* | *Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte. | ||
Image (CNS): | =====Images (CNS)===== | ||
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis]. | <gallery> | ||
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - very high mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_ihc_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - IHC - very high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)]. | |||
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Composites/FND5IE01-Toxoplasmosis-Micro.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)]. | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case350.html Toxoplasmosis - several images (upmc.edu)]. | |||
====Heart==== | |||
Features: | |||
*Intramuscular organisms. | |||
DDx: | |||
*[[Chagas disease]]. (???) | |||
Images (heart): | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case160.html Toxoplasmosis (upmc.edu)]. | |||
===IHC=== | ===IHC=== | ||
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*~10-15 micrometers wide. | *~10-15 micrometers wide. | ||
Images: | ====Images==== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Strongyloides_stercoralis_larva.jpg | Strongyloides. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)]. | *[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)]. | ||
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)]. | *[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)]. | ||
==Echinococcus== | ==Echinococcus== | ||
*Echinococcus granulosus. | *Several species - most common: ''Echinococcus granulosus''. | ||
*Causes ''hydatid disease'' in the liver. | *Causes ''[[hydatid disease]]'' in the [[liver]]. | ||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features: | Features: | ||
*Hooklets. | *Laminated wall +/- calcification.<ref name=Ref_PBPoD8_448>{{Ref PCPBoD8|448}}</ref> | ||
*Scoleces - knoblike anterior end of a tapeworm.<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scoleces http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scoleces]. Accessed on: 10 January 2010.</ref> | *Organisms: | ||
**Hooklets. | |||
**Scoleces - knoblike anterior end of a tapeworm.<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scoleces http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scoleces]. Accessed on: 10 January 2010.</ref> | |||
==Enterobius vermicularis== | ==Enterobius vermicularis== | ||
*AKA ''pinworm''. | *AKA ''pinworm''. | ||
===General=== | |||
*Classically found in a [[vermiform appendix]] removed for appendicitis that does not have [[acute appendicitis]].<ref name=pmid7945067>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dahlstrom | first1 = JE. | last2 = Macarthur | first2 = EB. | title = Enterobius vermicularis: a possible cause of symptoms resembling appendicitis. | journal = Aust N Z J Surg | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 692-4 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi = | PMID = 7945067 }}</ref> | |||
**See: ''[[Vermiform appendix#Enterobius vermicularis]]''. | |||
===Gross=== | |||
* | *Peri-anal white squiggly thing ~ 2-13 mm in length. | ||
Image: | |||
*[http:// | *[http://www.dijitalimaj.com/alamyDetail.aspx?img={14157DA6-DBE8-4E03-BE4A-69591588E153} Pinworm (dijitalimaj.com)]. | ||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features - organism: | |||
*0.2-0.5 mm width x 2-13 mm length. | |||
*Characteristic triangular "spikes" seen on cross section - base x height ~ 30 x 30 μm. | |||
**''Spikes'' is in quotations, as these are really a longitudinal blade-like ridges, that run the length of the worm. | |||
Features - eggs:<ref name=Ref_APBR685>{{Ref APBR|685}}</ref> | |||
*Ovoid - double walled shells, one side flat. | |||
====Images==== | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/enterobius.html Enterobius (brown.edu)]. | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Enterobius - very low mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Enterobius_-_high_mag.jpg | Enterobius - high mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Pinworms_in_the_Appendix_%281%29.jpg | Pinworm (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Trichinella== | ==Trichinella== | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
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*May cause [[epilepsy]]; most common parasitic CNS infection.<ref name=pmid19208982>{{cite journal |author=Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Singh AK |title=Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review |journal=J. Biosci. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=571–82 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19208982 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *May cause [[epilepsy]]; most common parasitic CNS infection.<ref name=pmid19208982>{{cite journal |author=Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Singh AK |title=Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review |journal=J. Biosci. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=571–82 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19208982 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==Viruses | ===Gross=== | ||
*Multiple cystic spaces. | |||
Image: | |||
*[http://reference.medscape.com/features/slideshow/neurocysticercosis Neurocysticercosis (medscape.com)]. | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features: | |||
*Large ovoid body with complex structures (cross-section of worm) - size: millimetres. | |||
**+/-External eosinophilic microvilli. | |||
**+/-Gastrointestinal tract - ovoid structure within the worm. | |||
Notes: | |||
*Histomorphology is not distinctive for the type... microbiology usually figures it out. | |||
Images: | |||
*[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/imagelibrary/A-F/Cysticercosis/body_Cysticercosis_il1.htm Cysticercosis (cdc.gov)]. | |||
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116340/enlarge Cysticercosis (sciencephoto.com)]. | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case154.html Neurocysticercosis - case 1 (upmc.edu)]. | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case376.html Neurocysticercosis - case 2 (upmc.edu)]. | |||
==Rhinosporidiosis== | |||
:'''''Not''' to be confused with [[rhinoscleroma]]''. | |||
===General=== | |||
*Caused by parasite ''Rinosporidium seeberi''. | |||
**India, Sri Lanka. | |||
*Nasal mass. | |||
**May present with obstruction.<ref name=pmid16945122/> | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.histopathology-india.net/Rhino.htm http://www.histopathology-india.net/Rhino.htm]. Accessed on: 4 January 2012.</ref><ref name=pmid16945122/> | |||
*Globular cysts ~ 100 micrometers with endospores: | |||
**Hyperchromatic (blue) spherical 10-100 micrometer. | |||
Images: | |||
*[http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/imagesFORL/11-02-19-fig01-ing.gif Rhinosporidiosis (arquivosdeorl.org.br)].<ref>URL: [http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/acervo_eng.asp?id=428 http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/acervo_eng.asp?id=428]. 4 January 2012.</ref> | |||
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/figure/F1/ Rhinosporidiosis (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid16945122>{{Cite journal | last1 = Morelli | first1 = L. | last2 = Polce | first2 = M. | last3 = Piscioli | first3 = F. | last4 = Del Nonno | first4 = F. | last5 = Covello | first5 = R. | last6 = Brenna | first6 = A. | last7 = Cione | first7 = A. | last8 = Licci | first8 = S. | title = Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report. | journal = Diagn Pathol | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 25 | month = | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1596-1-25 | PMID = 16945122 |PMC = 1560165 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/?tool=pubmed}}</ref> | |||
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/figure/F2/ Rhinosporidiosis (nih.gov)]. | |||
===Stains=== | |||
*[[GMS stain]] +ve organisms. | |||
==Leishmaniasis== | |||
===General=== | |||
*Caused by protozoa in the group ''Leishmania'' group. | |||
*Transmitted to humans by the ''sand fly''. | |||
May be: | |||
*Cutaneous.<ref name=pmid20377337>{{Cite journal | last1 = Goto | first1 = H. | last2 = Lindoso | first2 = JA. | title = Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. | journal = Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 419-33 | month = Apr | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1586/eri.10.19 | PMID = 20377337 }}</ref> | |||
*Mucocutaneous.<ref name=pmid20377337/> | |||
*Visceral.<ref name=pmid19708817>{{Cite journal | last1 = den Boer | first1 = ML. | last2 = Alvar | first2 = J. | last3 = Davidson | first3 = RN. | last4 = Ritmeijer | first4 = K. | last5 = Balasegaram | first5 = M. | title = Developments in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. | journal = Expert Opin Emerg Drugs | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 395-410 | month = Sep | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1517/14728210903153862 | PMID = 19708817 }}</ref> | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features: | |||
*Small ~1-2 micrometers. | |||
====Images==== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Leishmania_donovani_01.png | Leishmania - smear. (WC) | |||
Image:Leishmania_2009-04-14_smear.JPG | Leishmania - bone marrow. (WC) | |||
Image:Cutaneous_Leishmaniasis_x100 | Leishmania - cutaneous. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/index.html Leishmania and sand fly (cdc.gov)]. | |||
===Stains=== | |||
*[[Giemsa stain]] - highlights organisms. | |||
=Viruses= | |||
{{Main|Viruses}} | {{Main|Viruses}} | ||
This is a fairly big topic. There are about half a dozen viral inclusions (e.g. [[CMV]], [[HSV]], [[VZV]], [[adenovirus]]) a decent pathologist ought to be able to identify. The ''virus'' article covers 'em. | This is a fairly big topic. There are about half a dozen viral inclusions (e.g. [[CMV]], [[HSV]], [[VZV]], [[adenovirus]]) a decent pathologist ought to be able to identify. The ''virus'' article covers 'em. | ||
==See also | =Bacteria= | ||
{{Main|Bacteria}} | |||
This is a small topic when considered from the perspective of an anatomical pathologist. Most stuff is sorted-out by microbiology. | |||
=Protozoa= | |||
A historical category of organisms. Lifeforms previously categorized as ''protozoa'' are in several different ''kingdoms''. | |||
{{Main|Amebiasis}} | |||
{{Main|Leishmaniasis}} | |||
{{Main|Pneumocystis jirovecii}} | |||
{{Main|Toxoplasma}} | |||
=Microorganisms and cancer= | |||
==Viruses and cancer== | |||
A number of microorganisms are associated with the development of cancer:<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|168}}</ref> | |||
*[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) - cancer of cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, head & neck. | |||
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]] - [[Burkitt lymphoma]], [[Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder]], classical [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] (all but ''[[Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma|nodular sclerosis HL]]''), [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]. | |||
*[[Hepatitis B]] - [[HCC]]. | |||
*[[Hepatitis C]] - [[HCC]]. | |||
*[[Lymphoma#Adult_T-cell_leukemia.2Flymphoma|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I]] (HTLV-1) - [[Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma]]. | |||
*[[Human herpesvirus-8]] (HHV-8) - [[Kaposi sarcoma]], [[primary effusion lymphoma]], body cavity lymphoma. | |||
*[[Merkel cell carcinoma|Merkel cell polyomavirus]] - [[Merkel cell carcinoma]]. | |||
==Bacteria and cancer== | |||
*[[Helicobacter pylori]] - [[MALT lymphoma]], [[gastric carcinoma]]. | |||
==Parasites and cancer== | |||
*[[Schistosoma haematobium]] - [[squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]]. | |||
*Clonorchis sinensis (AKA Opisthorchis sinensis) - [[cholangiocarcinoma]]. | |||
*Opisthorchis viverrini - [[cholangiocarcinoma]]. | |||
=See also= | |||
*[[Staining]]. | *[[Staining]]. | ||
*[[Immunohistochemistry]]. | *[[Immunohistochemistry]]. | ||
*[[Viruses]]. | *[[Viruses]]. | ||
=References= | |||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
=External links= | |||
*[http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/index.html Pathology of Infectious Diseases (fujita-hu.ac.jp)]. | |||
[[Category:Basics]] | [[Category:Basics]] | ||
[[Category:Microorganisms]] | [[Category:Microorganisms]] |
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