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**Small round nuclei (lymphocyte-like nucleus) - '''key feature'''. | **Small round nuclei (lymphocyte-like nucleus) - '''key feature'''. | ||
**May resemble a ''fried egg'' on H&E (clear cytoplasm, central nucleus). | **May resemble a ''fried egg'' on H&E (clear cytoplasm, central nucleus). | ||
**Image: [http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/libraries/courses/neuroslides/lab1a/images/1-11.png oligodendrocyte urmc.rochester.edu] | |||
*Astrocyte. | *Astrocyte. | ||
**Irregular non-ovoid nucleus - '''key feature'''. | **Irregular non-ovoid nucleus - '''key feature'''. | ||
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***Often have vesicles. | ***Often have vesicles. | ||
**Rarely seen in normal tissue. | **Rarely seen in normal tissue. | ||
**Three morphologic types: | |||
***Ramified microglia. | |||
***Hypertrophic microglia. | |||
***Dystrophic microglia - often seen in neurodegnerative disease. | |||
*Ependyma. | *Ependyma. | ||
**Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium. | **Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium. | ||
**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/221-001.jpg Ependyma (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | **Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/221-001.jpg Ependyma (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | ||
*Choroid plexus. | |||
**Specialized ependymal cells | |||
**Cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. | |||
**Ventricular location. | |||
=====Images===== | |||
[[File:Blausen 0870 TypesofNeuroglia.png |500px| Types of neuroglia (WC/Blausen)]] | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Astrocytes.jpg | Astrocytes highlighted by GFAP (WC/Jeffery J. Iliff) | |||
Image:Oligodendrocyte_HE_stain_high_mag.jpg | Oligodendrocytes with fried-egg appearance (WC/jensflorian) | |||
Image:Ependyma.png|Ependymal cells. (WC/marvin101) | |||
File:Psammoma bodies in the choroid plexus, HE.JPG | Choroid plexus (WC/Patho) | |||
File:Mikroglej 1.jpg | Microglial cells, Lectin stain (WC/Grzegorz Wicher) | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Peripheral nervous system=== | ===Peripheral nervous system=== | ||
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*Large round nucleus with prominent nucleolus - '''key feature'''. | *Large round nucleus with prominent nucleolus - '''key feature'''. | ||
*Abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. | *Abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. | ||
====Schwann cell==== | |||
*Principal glia of the PNS. | |||
*Myelinated or unmyelinated. | |||
*Ovoid, wavy nuclei. | |||
*Cells have a basal membrane. | |||
*Found in peripheral nerves. | |||
*Aka ''neurolemmocytes''. | |||
=====Images===== | =====Images===== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Image:Ganglion_very_high_mag.jpg | Ganglion - very high mag. (WC/Nephron) | Image:Ganglion_very_high_mag.jpg | Ganglion - very high mag. (WC/Nephron) | ||
Image:Peripheral nerve, cross section.jpg | Peripheral nerve - cross section. (WC/Reytan) | |||
File:Nerve root - very high mag.jpg | Nerve root HPS stain (WC/Nephron) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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*Send dendrites in all directions. | *Send dendrites in all directions. | ||
Images: | ===Images=== | ||
www: | |||
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | *[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_cn_xii_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Motor neurons - nucleus of CN XII - very high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
=Structures= | =Structures= | ||
This section deals with structures seen at several places in the CNS. | This section deals with structures seen at several places in the CNS. | ||
==Grey | ==Grey matter and white matter== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| | | | ||
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Additional images (white matter vs. grey matter): | Additional images (white matter vs. grey matter): | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_high_mag.jpg | Grey-white matter interface - high mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Grey and white matter - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_supratentorial.jpg | Normal cortex - LFB. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_grey-white_matter_junction.jpg | White-grey matter junction - LFB. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Vessels== | ==Vessels== | ||
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*#Small - GABA. | *#Small - GABA. | ||
*#Large (very rare: ~1 in 100-200) - cholingeric. | *#Large (very rare: ~1 in 100-200) - cholingeric. | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
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**The caudate is adjacent to an ependymal lined space, putamen is not.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 22 December 2010.</ref> | **The caudate is adjacent to an ependymal lined space, putamen is not.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 22 December 2010.</ref> | ||
*[[Necrotic]] putamen in methanol poisoning.<ref name=pmid19015300>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bhatia | first1 = R. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = M. | last3 = Garg | first3 = A. | last4 = Nanda | first4 = A. | title = Putaminal necrosis due to methanol toxicity. | journal = Pract Neurol | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 386-7 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2008.161976 | PMID = 19015300 }}</ref> | *[[Necrotic]] putamen in methanol poisoning.<ref name=pmid19015300>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bhatia | first1 = R. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = M. | last3 = Garg | first3 = A. | last4 = Nanda | first4 = A. | title = Putaminal necrosis due to methanol toxicity. | journal = Pract Neurol | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 386-7 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2008.161976 | PMID = 19015300 }}</ref> | ||
===Images=== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Globus_pallidus_and_putamen_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus & putamen - showing Wilson's pencils - very low mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Putamen_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Putamen - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)]. | |||
==Globus pallidus== | ==Globus pallidus== | ||
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===Image=== | ===Image=== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_- | Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-l-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus, putamen and the nucleus basalis in the substantia innominata - very low mag. (WC) | ||
l-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus, putamen and the nucleus basalis in the substantia innominata - very low mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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#*Transitions to the six layers in the ''entorhinal cortex''. | #*Transitions to the six layers in the ''entorhinal cortex''. | ||
#**No vacuolated looking stuff next to it. | #**No vacuolated looking stuff next to it. | ||
Important notes: | Important notes: | ||
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*CA2 - resistant to ischemia. | *CA2 - resistant to ischemia. | ||
*CA4 - involved in [[epilepsy]],<ref name=pmid3518570>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ingvar | first1 = M. | title = Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate during seizures. Relationship to epileptic brain damage. | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 462 | issue = | pages = 194-206 | month = | year = 1986 | doi = | PMID = 3518570 }}</ref> usu. normal in degenerative diseases.<ref>D. Munoz. 27 July 2011.</ref> | *CA4 - involved in [[epilepsy]],<ref name=pmid3518570>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ingvar | first1 = M. | title = Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate during seizures. Relationship to epileptic brain damage. | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 462 | issue = | pages = 194-206 | month = | year = 1986 | doi = | PMID = 3518570 }}</ref> usu. normal in degenerative diseases.<ref>D. Munoz. 27 July 2011.</ref> | ||
====Images==== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg | Hippocampus - frontal section. (WC) | |||
Image:Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg | Hippocampus - schematic. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content-nw/full/28/5/958/F1 Hippocampus (ajnr.org)]. | |||
*[http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/schubert-stephan-nicolas-2003-09-26/HTML/schubert_html_21d219b1.png Hippocampus and subiculum (hu-berlin.de)]. | |||
*[http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi/br-800epi1.gif Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu)]. | |||
===Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>=== | ===Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>=== | ||
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**Small neurons. | **Small neurons. | ||
Images | ====Images==== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg | Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum - high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Cerebellar cortex=== | ===Cerebellar cortex=== | ||
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*#**May look like small cell carcinoma to the uninitiated. | *#**May look like small cell carcinoma to the uninitiated. | ||
*#*Golgi cells (interneurons) - few in number, elongated/columnar, 3-5x size of granule cell. | *#*Golgi cells (interneurons) - few in number, elongated/columnar, 3-5x size of granule cell. | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
*''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer. They are normally not seen. They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "[[Bergmann gliosis]]".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref> | *''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer. They are normally not seen. They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "[[Bergmann gliosis]]".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref> | ||
====Images==== | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227_001.jpg Cerebellar cortex - micrograph with labels (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Gray706.png | Cerebellar cortex - schematic. (Gray's Anatomy/WC) | |||
Image:Cerebellar_cortex_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Cerebellar cortex - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Cerebellum_-_biel_-_high_mag.jpg | Cerebellar cortex - high mag. [[Bielschowsky stain]]. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Cerebral cortex== | ==Cerebral cortex== | ||
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*Astrocytes: | *Astrocytes: | ||
**Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte. | **Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte. | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma. | *Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) [[small cell carcinoma]]. | ||
*Often calcified. | *Often calcified. | ||
===Images=== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Pineal_gland_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Pineal gland - very high mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image:Pineal_gland_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Pineal gland - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image:Pineal.jpg | Pineal gland. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/Images/pin42he.jpg Pineal gland (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].<ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref> | |||
===IHC=== | ===IHC=== | ||
*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref> | *Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref> | ||
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*Red nuclei. | *Red nuclei. | ||
Schematics | ===Schematics=== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Cn3nucleus.png | Midbrain (WC) | |||
Image:Gray696.png | Nuclei of the CNs (WC) | |||
Image:Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg | Nuclei of the CNs - sagittal section of brain stem (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Pons== | ==Pons== | ||
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*Literally means ''blue spot''. | *Literally means ''blue spot''. | ||
*Location: adjacent to midline + anterior to 4th ventricle. | *Location: adjacent to midline + anterior to 4th ventricle. | ||
Microscopic features: | Microscopic features: | ||
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Notes: | Notes: | ||
*Pale in [[Parkinson disease]] due to neuronal loss.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_677>{{Ref PCPBoD8|677}}</ref> | *Pale in [[Parkinson disease]] due to neuronal loss.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_677>{{Ref PCPBoD8|677}}</ref> | ||
====Images==== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - very low mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_low_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - low mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_high_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/File:Bouret_LC_anat2.jpg LC - labeled on MRI - (scholarpedia.org)]. | |||
==Medulla oblongata== | ==Medulla oblongata== | ||
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**This is were [[Lewy body]] formation starts.<ref name=pmid19501577>{{cite journal |author=Miller VM, Kenny RA, Oakley AE, Hall R, Kalaria RN, Allan LM |title=Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus protein aggregates in Lewy body disease with autonomic dysfunction |journal=Brain Res. |volume=1286 |issue= |pages=165–73 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19501577 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.083 |url=}}</ref> | **This is were [[Lewy body]] formation starts.<ref name=pmid19501577>{{cite journal |author=Miller VM, Kenny RA, Oakley AE, Hall R, Kalaria RN, Allan LM |title=Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus protein aggregates in Lewy body disease with autonomic dysfunction |journal=Brain Res. |volume=1286 |issue= |pages=165–73 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19501577 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.083 |url=}}</ref> | ||
Image | =====Image===== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Medulla oblongata - very low mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Pituitary gland== | |||
===Anatomy=== | |||
*Located in sella turcica below optic chiasm. | |||
*Anterior lobe is epithelial. | |||
*Posterior lobe is neuroepithelial. | |||
*The infundibulum connects the pituitary to the brain | |||
Schematic: [[File:Gray1181.png Pituitary gland - Gray's anatomy (WC)]]. | |||
====Images==== | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Anterior and posterior pituitary.jpg | Anterior & posterior pituitary. (WC) | |||
File:Adenohypofýza HE.jpg | Adenohypophysis. (WC/Držiak) | |||
</gallery> | |||
=See also= | =See also= |