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This article deals with '''viruses'''. The more general topic of infective things is dealt with in [[microorganisms]]. | This article deals with '''viruses'''. The more general topic of infective things is dealt with in [[microorganisms]]. | ||
Many viruses afflict humans. Only a few of them can be diagnosed histologically. | Many viruses afflict humans. Only a few of them can be diagnosed histologically. | ||
[[cancer viruses|Several viruses cause cancer]] and seen directly or indirectly by pathologists frequently. | |||
==Viral inclusions - types== | ==Viral inclusions - types== | ||
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Mnemonic - 3 Ms: Margination, Multinucleation, Molding. | Mnemonic - 3 Ms: Margination, Multinucleation, Molding. | ||
====Images==== | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.virology.org/sbpgphoto2.html Herpes simplex virus - multinucleation (virology.org)]. | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Herpes_simplex_virus_pap_test.jpg | HSV on a Pap test - showing multinucleation. (WC) | |||
Image:Herpes_esophagitis_-_very_high_mag.jpg | HSV esophagitis - very high mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Herpes_esophagitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg | HSV esophagitis - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
===IHC=== | |||
*HSV-1 +ve (cytoplasmic and strong nuclear). | |||
*HSV-2 +ve. | |||
Images: | Images: | ||
*[http:// | *[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case120/images/d-1.jpg HSV-1 staining (upmc.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case120/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case120/dx.html]. Accessed on: 28 February 2013.</ref> | ||
*[http://www.antibodies-online.com/media/57/images/anti-Herpes+Simplex+Virus+1+HSV1+antibody_original_rp018.jpg HSV-1 staining (antibodies-online.com)].<ref>URL: [http://www.antibodies-online.com/antibody/100405/anti-Herpes+Simplex+Virus+1+HSV1/ http://www.antibodies-online.com/antibody/100405/anti-Herpes+Simplex+Virus+1+HSV1/]. Accessed on: 28 February 2013.</ref> | |||
*[http:// | |||
==Cytomegalovirus== | ==Cytomegalovirus== | ||
*Abbreviated ''CMV''. | *Abbreviated ''CMV''. | ||
:''For pneumonia caused by CMV - see [[Cytomegalovirus pneumonia]]''. | :''For pneumonia caused by CMV - see [[Cytomegalovirus pneumonia]]''. | ||
:''For colitis caused by CMV - see [[Cytomegalovirus colitis]]''. | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*The name comes from the microscopic appearance. | *The name comes from the microscopic appearance. | ||
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**In the context of [[esophagus|esophageal ulcers]], it is therefore useful to biopsy the base of the ulcer - if this is suspected. | **In the context of [[esophagus|esophageal ulcers]], it is therefore useful to biopsy the base of the ulcer - if this is suspected. | ||
Images: | ====Images==== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:CMV_placentitis2_mini.jpg | CMV [[acute villitis|placentitis]]. (WC) | |||
File:Cmv neuronal inclusions.jpg | CMV [[encephalitis]]. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.asm.org/division/c/photo/cmv1.jpg CMV - owl's eye-like (asm.org)]. | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case149.html CMV - case 1 - several images (upmc.edu)]. | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case481.html CMV - case 2 - several images (upmc.edu)]. | |||
===IHC=== | ===IHC=== | ||
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==Human papillomavirus== | ==Human papillomavirus== | ||
*Abbreviated ''HPV''. | *Abbreviated ''HPV''. | ||
{{Main|Human papillomavirus}} | |||
==Adenovirus== | ==Adenovirus== | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Common in kids. | *Common in kids - usually a mild respiratory infection with fever and pharyngitis. | ||
**Can cause post-infectious [[bronchiolitis obliterans]].<ref name=pmid20717912>{{Cite journal | last1 = Aguerre | first1 = V. | last2 = Castaños | first2 = C. | last3 = Pena | first3 = HG. | last4 = Grenoville | first4 = M. | last5 = Murtagh | first5 = P. | title = Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical and pulmonary function findings. | journal = Pediatr Pulmonol | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 1180-5 | month = Dec | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/ppul.21304 | PMID = 20717912 }}</ref> | |||
**May be seen in the context of [[adenovirus appendicitis|(adenovirus) appendicitis]]. | **May be seen in the context of [[adenovirus appendicitis|(adenovirus) appendicitis]]. | ||
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*Nuclear enlargement. | *Nuclear enlargement. | ||
Images | ====Images==== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Parvovirus_infection_-_cropped_2_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Parvovirus - version 1 - very high mag. (WC) | |||
Image:Parvovirus_infection_-_cropped_1_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Parvovirus - version 2 - very high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://info.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/photo/photo210-1.htm Parvovirus (fujita-hu.ac.jp)].<ref>URL:[http://info.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/case/case210.htm http://info.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/case/case210.htm]. Accessed on: 8 February 2011.</ref> | |||
*[http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rimtsp/v49n2/07f1a.jpg Parvovirus - placenta - (scielo.br)].<ref>URL: [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0036-46652007000200007&script=sci_arttext http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0036-46652007000200007&script=sci_arttext]. Accessed on: 18 August 2011.</ref> | |||
*[http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/case/case219.htm Parvovirus - several images (fujita-hu.ac.jp)]. | |||
==Epstein-Barr virus== | ==Epstein-Barr virus== | ||
{{Main|Epstein-Barr virus}} | |||
==Polyomavirus== | ==Polyomavirus== | ||
{{Main|Polyomavirus}} | |||
==Human herpesvirus-8== | ==Human herpesvirus-8== | ||
{{Main|Human herpesvirus-8}} | |||
==West Nile virus== | ==West Nile virus== | ||
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==Measles virus== | ==Measles virus== | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Causes ''Measles''. | |||
**Should '''not''' be confused with ''Rubella'' ([[AKA]] ''German measles''). | |||
*Uncommon due to widespread MMR vaccine. | |||
**However increasing in the last years most likely due to insufficient vaccination. | |||
*May develop weeks to years after infection. | |||
*Illness may be complicated by ''subacute sclerosing panencephalitis'' (SSPE) - a chronic neurodegenerative condition.<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595/dx.html]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref> | *Illness may be complicated by ''subacute sclerosing panencephalitis'' (SSPE) - a chronic neurodegenerative condition.<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595/dx.html]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref> | ||
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*+/-Intranuclear Cowdry type A inclusions. | *+/-Intranuclear Cowdry type A inclusions. | ||
**Glassy (pink) nucleus. | **Glassy (pink) nucleus. | ||
*Lymphocytes and microglial cells. | *Lymphocytes and macrophages (microglial cells). | ||
**May be mild in in measles inclusion body encephalitis. | |||
*Multinucleated cells. | |||
*Microglial nodules. | |||
*Demyelination. | *Demyelination. | ||
*Gliosis. | |||
Notes: | |||
*Measles inclusions are intranuclear. RSV inclusions are intracytoplasmic.{{fact}} | |||
Images: | ====Images==== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Morbillo.jpg | Measles pneumonia. (WC/CDC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595.html SSPE - several images (upmc.edu)]. | *[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595.html SSPE - several images (upmc.edu)]. | ||
==Rabies virus== | |||
===General=== | |||
*Causes rabies. | |||
Virus affects:<ref>{{Ref APBR|424 Q36}}</ref> | |||
*Cerebral cortex. | |||
*Hippocamus pyramidal cells. | |||
*Purkinje cells. | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features: | |||
*[[Negri bodies]]: | |||
**Dense-appearing eosinophilic cytoplasmic bodies with a pale halo. | |||
====Images==== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Rabies_encephalitis_Negri_bodies_PHIL_3377_lores.jpg | Negri bodies. (WC/CDC) | |||
Image:Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG | Negri bodies - EM. (WC) | |||
File:Rabies negri bodies brain.jpg | Negri bodies in cerebellar Purkinje cells. (WC/CDC). | |||
</gallery> | |||
www: | |||
*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v18/n1/fig_tab/3800274f1.html#figure-title Rabies encephalitis (nature.com)].<ref name=pmid15389258>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nuovo | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Defaria | first2 = DL. | last3 = Chanona-Vilchi | first3 = JG. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Y. | title = Molecular detection of rabies encephalitis and correlation with cytokine expression. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 62-7 | month = Jan | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800274 | PMID = 15389258 | url = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v18/n1/full/3800274a.html}}</ref> | |||
=See also= | =See also= |
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