Vascular tumours

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This article covers soft tissue vascular tumours. Vascular malformations are covered in the vascular malformations article.

Normal histology

Normal blood vessel histology is dealt with in the vascular disease article.

Mimics

Distinct entities

Hemangioma

General

  • May be found in the liver.
    • Classically subcapsular.
      • May rupture and be life-threatening.[1]

Hemangiomas to remember - if you're only going remember a few:

  • Glomeruloid, infantile, caverous, capillary, arteriovenous, venous and intramuscular.

Childhood

Common childhood hemangiomas:[2]

  • Tufted - small clusters of blood vessels.
  • Microvenular hemangioma.
  • Glomeruloid hemangioma - associated with POEMS syndrome, Castleman disease.[3][4]
  • Epithelioid hemangioma.
  • Targetoid hemosideric hemangioma.
  • Infantile hemangioma (AKA juvenile hemangioma[5]) - these tumours are GLUT-1 +ve. They tumours grow and then spontaneously regress.[6]

Soft tissue

Several types are seen in soft tissue:[7]

  • Capillary.
  • Cavernous.
  • Arteriovenous.
  • Venous.
  • Intramuscular.
  • Synovial.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Channels lined by endothelium containing RBCs.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

  • CD31 +ve.
  • D2-40 -ve.[8]

Juvenile hemangioma:[5]

  • GLUT-1 +ve.

Lymphangioma

General

Treatment:

  • Surgical excision.

Microscopic

Features:[10][9]

  • Thin-walled channels lined by endothelium.
  • +/-Eosinophilic intraluminal material.
  • +/-Clusters of intraluminal lymphocytes.
  • +/-Occasional RBCs.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[11][8]

  • D2-40 +ve.

Kaposi sarcoma

  • Abbreviated KS.

General

  • Caused by Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8).
  • In the North American context, it is often associated with immunodeficiency, e.g. HIV/AIDS.

Interesting note:

  • It has been said that KS is not really a sarcoma.[12]

Stages

It is seen in different stages:[13][14]

  1. Patch stage.
  2. Plaque stage.
  3. Nodular stage.
  4. Exophytic stage.
  5. Infiltrative stage.
  6. Lymphadenopathic stage.

Note:

  • The first three are the classic ones.

Type or form

Classically divided into four types:[15][16][17]

  • Classic = old men Mediterranean or Ashkenazi Jew.
  • Endemic = African infants and young males.
  • Immunosuppression-associated or transplant-associated - iatrogenic.
  • AIDS-associated.

Microscopic

Features:[18]

  • Vascular lesion (abundant RBCs) with:
    • +/-"Promontory sign" - small vessel protruding into an abnormal vascular space.[19]
      • Not pathognomonic for KS.[20]
    • +/-Spindle cells with minimal nuclear atypia.
    • RBC extravasation - very useful - important feature.[21]
  • +/-Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules - uncommon - one usu. needs to search for 'em.[22]
    • Pale pink globs (that are paler than RBCs) - important feature.
  • +/-Hemosiderin deposits.
  • +/-Plasma cells.[23]

Notes:

DDx:

  • Angiosarcoma - have many mitoses, nuclear atypia, RBC extravasation not common.
  • Masson's hemangioma - AKA intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia.
  • Benign lymphangioendothelioma.[24]
    • Histologically very similar.[25]

Images:

Stains

  • PAS +ve -- hyaline globules.

IHC

  • CD31 +ve.
  • CD34 +ve.
  • HHV-8 +ve.

Masson hemangioma

  • AKA intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia.[26]
  • AKA Masson tumor.[27]

General

  • Benign non-neoplastic lesion - a vessel that has thrombosed and recanalized.
  • Histomorphologically may be confused with low-grade angiosarcoma or other soft tissue sarcomas.[26]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Well-circumscribed - key (low power) feature.
  • Abundant small vascular channels with benign endothelium.
  • +/-Papillary formation with a fibrotic core covered by benign endothelium.[28]

Notes:

Images:

Angiosarcoma

General

  • Malignant tumour - with a horrible prognosis.[29]
  • Classically on the scalp or head & neck.

Epidemiology:

  • May arise secondary to therapeutic radiation or chronic lymphoedema related to breast carcinoma.
  • Liver angiosarcomas are assoc. with vinyl chloride exposure.[30]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Very many small capillaries of irregular shape lined with:
    • Pleomorphic nuclei.
      • May have hobnail morphology.
  • Mitoses.
  • Cytoplasmic vacuoles.
    • Cells trying to form lumina - embryologic.

Notes:

Images:

IHC

  • CD34 +ve.
  • CD31 +ve.
  • FLI-1 +ve.[31]
  • D2-40 +ve/-ve.[8]

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma

General

  • Locally aggressive.[32]
  • Childhood tumour.[33]
  • Approximately half have Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon[33] = vascular tumour --> coagulopathy.

Microscopic

Features:[34]

  • Spindle cells lesions in sheets or nodules.
  • +/-Round tumour nodules - "cannon ball" appearance.

DDx:

IHC

Features:[34]

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • C31 +ve.
  • CD34 +ve.
  • UEA-1 lectin +ve.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma

General

  • Malignant.[32]
  • Adults - wide age range.
  • Associated with oral contraceptives, vinyl chloride.[35]

Microscopic

Features:[35]

  • Large epithelioid perivascular cells with:
    • Abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm.
    • Cytoplasmic vacuolation (some cells) - AKA "blister cells" - key feature.
      • May form lumen and have RBC within.
    • Vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleolus in some cells.
  • Tuft-like projections into capillaries.
  • Tumour cells may be in well-circumscribed paucicellular nodules or more cellular poorly formed aggregates.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[35]

  • CD31 +ve.
  • CD34 +ve.
  • Factor VIII +ve.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vokaer, B.; Kothonidis, K.; Delatte, P.; De Cooman, S.; Pector, JC.; Liberale, G.. "Should ruptured liver haemangioma be treated by surgery or by conservative means? A case report.". Acta Chir Belg 108 (6): 761-4. PMID 19241936.
  2. ↑ Prieto VG, Shea CR (July 1999). "Selected cutaneous vascular neoplasms. A review". Dermatol Clin 17 (3): 507–20, viii. PMID 10410855.
  3. ↑ Uthup S, Balachandran K, Ammal VA, et al. (August 2006). "Renal involvement in multicentric Castleman disease with glomeruloid hemangioma of skin and plasmacytoma". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 48 (2): e17–24. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.04.089. PMID 16860182.
  4. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 618. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 North, PE.; Waner, M.; Mizeracki, A.; Mihm, MC. (Jan 2000). "GLUT1: a newly discovered immunohistochemical marker for juvenile hemangiomas.". Hum Pathol 31 (1): 11-22. PMID 10665907.
  6. ↑ Dadras, SS.; North, PE.; Bertoncini, J.; Mihm, MC.; Detmar, M. (Sep 2004). "Infantile hemangiomas are arrested in an early developmental vascular differentiation state.". Mod Pathol 17 (9): 1068-79. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800153. PMID 15143338.
  7. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 602. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Kahn, HJ.; Bailey, D.; Marks, A. (Apr 2002). "Monoclonal antibody D2-40, a new marker of lymphatic endothelium, reacts with Kaposi's sarcoma and a subset of angiosarcomas.". Mod Pathol 15 (4): 434-40. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880543. PMID 11950918.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 12. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  10. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 489. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  11. ↑ Kalof, AN.; Cooper, K. (Jan 2009). "D2-40 immunohistochemistry--so far!". Adv Anat Pathol 16 (1): 62-4. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181915e94. PMID 19098468.
  12. ↑ Pérez, A.; Sánchez, JL.; Almodóvar, PI. (Oct 2003). "Kaposi's sarcoma is not a neoplasm let alone a sarcoma.". Int J Dermatol 42 (10): 844-5. PMID 14521707.
  13. ↑ URL: http://www.histopathology-india.net/KS.htm. Accessed on: 31 January 2010.
  14. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083998-clinical#a0217. Accessed on: 17 November 2011.
  15. ↑ Szajerka, T.; Jablecki, J.. "Kaposi's sarcoma revisited.". AIDS Rev 9 (4): 230-6. PMID 18219366.
  16. ↑ Morand, JJ.; Lightburn, E.; Simon, F.; Patte, JH. (Apr 2007). "[Update on Kaposi's sarcoma].". Med Trop (Mars) 67 (2): 123-30. PMID 17691428.
  17. ↑ Antman, K.; Chang, Y. (Apr 2000). "Kaposi's sarcoma.". N Engl J Med 342 (14): 1027-38. doi:10.1056/NEJM200004063421407. PMID 10749966.
  18. ↑ Klatt, Edward C. (2006). Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 23. ISBN 978-1416002741.
  19. ↑ Lazova R, McNiff JM, Glusac EJ, Godic A (April 2009). "Promontory sign--present in patch and plaque stage of angiosarcoma!". Am J Dermatopathol 31 (2): 132–6. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181951045. PMID 19318797.
  20. ↑ Fernandez-Flores A, Rodriguez R (June 2010). "Promontory Sign in a Reactive Benign Vascular Proliferation". Am J Dermatopathol. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181cf0ae5. PMID 20577080.
  21. ↑ Kato, H.; Hamada, T.; Tsuji, T.; Baba, T.; Seki, J.; Kobayashi, Y. (Jul 1990). "Kaposi's sarcoma: a light and electron microscopic study.". J Dermatol 17 (7): 414-22. PMID 2229644.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 del Rosario AD, Bui HX, Singh J, Ginsburg R, Ross JS (December 1994). "Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic hyaline globules in cartilaginous neoplasms: a surgical, pathological, ultrastructural, and electron probe x-ray microanalytic study". Hum. Pathol. 25 (12): 1283–9. PMID 7528163.
  23. ↑ Douglas, JL.; Gustin, JK.; Dezube, B.; Pantanowitz, JL.; Moses, AV. (Sep 2007). "Kaposi's sarcoma: a model of both malignancy and chronic inflammation.". Panminerva Med 49 (3): 119-38. PMID 17912148.
  24. ↑ Guillou, L.; Fletcher, CD. (Aug 2000). "Benign lymphangioendothelioma (acquired progressive lymphangioma): a lesion not to be confused with well-differentiated angiosarcoma and patch stage Kaposi's sarcoma: clinicopathologic analysis of a series.". Am J Surg Pathol 24 (8): 1047-57. PMID 10935645.
  25. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case134/dx.html. Accessed on: 5 January 2012.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Korkolis DP, Papaevangelou M, Koulaxouzidis G, Zirganos N, Psichogiou H, Vassilopoulos PP (2005). "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's hemangioma) presenting as a soft-tissue sarcoma". Anticancer Res. 25 (2B): 1409–12. PMID 15865098.
  27. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case544/dx.html. Accessed on: 25 January 2012.
  28. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case544.html. Accessed on: 25 January 2012.
  29. ↑ Young RJ, Brown NJ, Reed MW, Hughes D, Woll PJ (May 2010). "Angiosarcoma". Lancet Oncol. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70023-1. PMID 20537949.
  30. ↑ Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 212. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  31. ↑ Rossi, S.; Orvieto, E.; Furlanetto, A.; Laurino, L.; Ninfo, V.; Dei Tos, AP. (May 2004). "Utility of the immunohistochemical detection of FLI-1 expression in round cell and vascular neoplasm using a monoclonal antibody.". Mod Pathol 17 (5): 547-52. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800065. PMID 15001993.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 603. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lyons, LL.; North, PE.; Mac-Moune Lai, F.; Stoler, MH.; Folpe, AL.; Weiss, SW. (May 2004). "Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: a study of 33 cases emphasizing its pathologic, immunophenotypic, and biologic uniqueness from juvenile hemangioma.". Am J Surg Pathol 28 (5): 559-68. PMID 15105642.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Miller, K. (Mar 1991). "Sister-chromatid exchange in human B- and T-lymphocytes exposed to bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, and ethyl methanesulfonate.". Mutat Res 247 (1): 175-82. PMID 1706068. http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v14/n11/full/3880441a.html.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Gupta, R.; Mathur, SR.; Gupta, SD.; Durgapal, P.; Iyer, VK.; Das, CJ.; Shalimar, SK.; Acharya, . (2010). "Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: A diagnostic pitfall in aspiration cytology.". Cytojournal 6: 25. doi:10.4103/1742-6413.58951. PMID 20165548.
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