2026-05-09T04:55:27Z

Michael: Created page with "Libre Pathology got a much overdue '''architecture upgrade''' on May, 9 2026. It should lead to perceptible performance improvements. We hope that this will make the sit..."

[[Libre Pathology]] got a much overdue '''architecture upgrade''' on May, 9 2026. It should lead to perceptible performance improvements. We hope that this will make the site more enjoyable to use.

In the future, we plan to revisit the issue of performance, aware that more can be done. Also, we are aware that no one enjoys a slow unresponsive website.

==See also==
*[[Libre Pathology]].
*[[Libre Pathology news]].

[[Category:Libre Pathology]]
[[Category:Libre Pathology news]]

Libre Pathology:Architecture Upgrade 2026

2026-05-09T04:52:45Z

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

2026-02-28T14:44:01Z

Michael: /* Sign out */

{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image = Squamous carcinoma of the penis -- low mag.jpg
| Width =
| Caption = Squamous carcinoma of the penis. [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms =
| Micro =
| Subtypes = HPV-related SCC, Non-HPV-related SCC
| LMDDx = [[penile intraepithelial neoplasia]], [[pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia]]
| Stains =
| IHC =
| EM =
| Molecular =
| IF =
| Gross = mass lesion, scaly patches/nodules, usu. erythematous, +/-ulceration.
| Grossing = [[penectomy]]
| Site = [[penis]]
| Assdx =
| Syndromes =
| Clinicalhx = uncircumcised
| Signs =
| Symptoms =
| Prevalence = uncommon overall, most common form of penis cancer
| Bloodwork =
| Rads =
| Endoscopy =
| Prognosis = good
| Other =
| ClinDDx =
| Tx = surgery
}}
'''Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis''' is the most common malignancy of the [[penis]].

''Penile cancer'' redirects to this article.

==General==
*Not very common overall.<ref name=pmid24119832>{{Cite journal | last1 = Burt | first1 = LM. | last2 = Shrieve | first2 = DC. | last3 = Tward | first3 = JD. | title = Stage presentation, care patterns, and treatment outcomes for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. | journal = Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 94-100 | month = Jan | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.08.013 | PMID = 24119832 }}</ref>
*Most common form of penile cancer.
**Non-squamous penis cancer only ~5% of cases.<ref name=pmid24292119>{{Cite journal | last1 = Moses | first1 = KA. | last2 = Sfakianos | first2 = JP. | last3 = Winer | first3 = A. | last4 = Bernstein | first4 = M. | last5 = Russo | first5 = P. | last6 = Dalbagni | first6 = G. | title = Non-squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: single-center, 15-year experience. | journal = World J Urol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Dec | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s00345-013-1216-y | PMID = 24292119 }}</ref>

Epidemiology:<ref name=pmid24119832/>
*Median age ~ 67 years old.
*Usually a good outcome - 5 year cause specific survival ~ 81%.<ref name=pmid24119832/>
*Possible association with sex with animals.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zequi | first1 = Sde C. | last2 = Guimarães | first2 = GC. | last3 = da Fonseca | first3 = FP. | last4 = Ferreira | first4 = U. | last5 = de Matheus | first5 = WE. | last6 = Reis | first6 = LO. | last7 = Aita | first7 = GA. | last8 = Glina | first8 = S. | last9 = Fanni | first9 = VS. | title = Sex with animals (SWA): behavioral characteristics and possible association with penile cancer. A multicenter study. | journal = J Sex Med | volume = 9 | issue = 7 | pages = 1860-7 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02512.x | PMID = 22023719 }}</ref>

==Gross==
*Scaly patches/nodules.
*Usually erythematous.
*+/-Ulceration.

==Microscopic==
Features:
*See ''[[squamous cell carcinoma]]''.

Notes:
*[[Lymphovascular invasion]] - prognostically important,<ref name=pmid19488760>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bhagat | first1 = SK. | last2 = Gopalakrishnan | first2 = G. | last3 = Kekre | first3 = NS. | last4 = Chacko | first4 = NK. | last5 = Kumar | first5 = S. | last6 = Manipadam | first6 = MT. | last7 = Samuel | first7 = P. | title = Factors predicting inguinal node metastasis in squamous cell cancer of penis. | journal = World J Urol | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 93-8 | month = Feb | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s00345-009-0421-1 | PMID = 19488760 }}</ref> and changes the T-stage for pT1a tumours to pT1b.

DDx:
*[[Penile intraepithelial neoplasia]] (squamous dysplasia).
*[[Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia]].

===Subtyping===
*''Non-HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma.
**p16 -ve, p53 +ve.{{fact}}
*''HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma''.
**p16 +ve, p53 -ve.{{fact}}

===Grading===
*G1 - well differentiated. §
**Almost normal appearing - diagnosis of malignancy may be challenging.
*G2 - moderately differentiated. §
*G3 - poorly differentiated.
**Anaplastic cells.
**Typically little or no keratinization.
*GX - cannot be assessed.

Notes:
*§ The differentiation between G1 and G2 is similar to [[squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]].
*G2 (moderately differentiated) is the most common.<ref name=pmid24119832/>

===Staging===
T-stage:
*pT1a - subepithelial tissue involved, no [[LVI]], not poorly differentiated (G3).
*pT1b - subepithelial tissue involved with [[LVI]] ''or'' poorly differentiated.
*pT2 - corpus spongiosum or cavernosum involved.
*pT3 - urethral involvement.
*pT4 - adjacent structure(s) involved.

===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Squamous carcinoma of the penis -- low mag.jpg | Penile SCC - low mag.
Image: Squamous carcinoma of the penis -- high mag.jpg | Penile SCC - high mag.
Image: Squamous carcinoma of the penis - alt -- high mag.jpg | Penile SCC - high mag.
Image: Squamous carcinoma of the penis - 2 -- intermed mag.jpg | Penile SCC - intermed. mag.
Image: Squamous carcinoma of the penis - 2 -- high mag.jpg | Penile SCC - high mag.
</gallery>

==IHC==
*p16 +ve - in types associated with [[HPV]] (basaloid SCC, warty SCC and warty-basaloid SCC).<ref name=pmid22367299>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cubilla | first1 = AL. | last2 = Lloveras | first2 = B. | last3 = Alemany | first3 = L. | last4 = Alejo | first4 = M. | last5 = Vidal | first5 = A. | last6 = Kasamatsu | first6 = E. | last7 = Clavero | first7 = O. | last8 = Alvarado-Cabrero | first8 = I. | last9 = Lynch | first9 = C. | title = Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the penis with papillary features: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 869-75 | month = Jun | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318249c6f3 | PMID = 22367299 }}</ref>

==Sign out==
===Biopsy===
<pre>
Penis, Biopsy:
- INVASIVE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, well differentiated.

Comment:
The tumour has differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia adjacent to it. The tumour is p16 negative and p53 positive.
</pre>

===Resection===
<pre>
Tip of Penis, Partial Penectomy:
- Invasive squamous cell carcinoma, moderately differentiated (G2).
-- Invasion into the lamina propria.
-- Surgical margins negative for dysplasia and negative for malignancy.
-- TNM stage: pT1a pNx.
-- Please see tumour summary.
</pre>

===All caps===
<pre>
TIP OF PENIS, PARTIAL PENECTOMY:
- INVASIVE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.
-- SURGICAL MARGINS NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA AND NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
-- PLEASE SEE TUMOUR SUMMARY.
</pre>

<pre>
TIP OF PENIS, PARTIAL PENECTOMY:
- INVASIVE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF CORONAL SULCUS, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.
-- SURGICAL MARGINS NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA AND NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
- LICHEN SCLEROSIS.
- POST-SURGICAL CHANGES (GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION (NON-NECROTIZING), SIDEROPHAGES).

COMMENT:
This lesion was previously excised. The surgical clearance is 1 mm. The tumour
thickness is approximately 4 mm. No lymphovascular invasion is identified. No
lymphovascular invasion is identified. No corpus spongiosum or corpus cavernosum
invasion is seen. The staging is unchanged.
</pre>

===Micro===
The sections show a malignant tumour with moderate to severe anisonucleosis. It focally underlies keratinizing epithelium that matures to the surface. Intracellular bridges are present focally. Keratinization is present. Mitotic activity is easily identified.

==See also==
*[[Penis]].
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Penis]]

2025-11-13T18:08:37Z

Michael: /* Keratin negative small cell carcinoma */ new section

== Keratin negative small cell carcinoma ==

There is a paper that says it exists: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3282443 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22355493/

Paraganglioma

2025-11-12T18:48:55Z

Michael: /* IHC */

{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image = Paraganglioma_-_very_high_mag.jpg
| Width =
| Caption = Paraganglioma. [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms =
| Micro = Zellballen (nests of cells), fibrovascular septae, salt-and-pepper nuclei, +/-hemorrhage (very common)
| Subtypes =
| LMDDx = [[neuroendocrine tumour]], [[pheochromocytoma]] (paraganglioma of the [[adrenal gland]]), [[gangliocytic paraganglioma]]
| Stains =
| IHC = chromogranin +ve, synaptophysin +ve, CD56 +ve
| EM =
| Molecular =
| IF =
| Gross = dusky colour
| Grossing =
| Site = abdomen (adrenal gland paraganglioma = pheochromocytoma), head and neck (carotid body tumour)
| Assdx =
| Syndromes = [[von Hippel Lindau]], hereditary paragangliomatosis, [[neurofibromatosis]] type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease), [[MEN 2A]], [[MEN 2B]], [[Carney-Stratakis syndrome]], [[Carney triad]]
| Clinicalhx =
| Signs =
| Symptoms =
| Prevalence = uncommon
| Bloodwork =
| Rads =
| Endoscopy =
| Prognosis = usually good, rarely malignant
| Other =
| ClinDDx =
| Tx =
}}
'''Paraganglioma''' is a rare tumour arising from the paraganglion. A paraganglioma arising in the [[adrenal gland]] is known as a [[pheochromocytoma]].

==General==
*Definition: tumour of paraganglion.
**Can be sympathetic or parasympathetic.
**Locations of paraganglia
***Paravertebral (retroperitoneal)
***Near the large blood vessels of the head and neck and base of skull
***Scattered in other tissues
*Most common paraganglioma = [[pheochromocytoma]].<ref name=Ref_EP_327>{{Ref EP|327}}</ref>
**Sites relate to locations of paraganglia
****Head & neck most common - neck, ear, carotid body, base of skull
****Retroperitoneal/abdomen
****Bladder

Special site names
*Carotid body tumour = paraganglioma of carotid body - very vascular - right near a major artery. Don't stick a needle in it.
*Glomus tympanicum tumor = paraganglioma of the middle ear - pulsitile tintinitis and conductive hearing loss.
*Pheochromocytoma - basically a 'paraganglioma' in the adrenal medulla

===Epidemiology===
*Rare.
*Rarely malignant.

Familial syndromes associated with paragangliomas:<ref name=Ref_EP328>{{Ref EP|328}}</ref>
*[[von Hippel Lindau]].
*Hereditary paragangliomatosis.
*[[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease).
*[[MEN 2A]].
*[[MEN 2B]].
*[[Carney-Stratakis syndrome]] - [[GIST]]s and paraganglioma.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Blay | first1 = JY. | last2 = Blomqvist | first2 = C. | last3 = Bonvalot | first3 = S. | last4 = Boukovinas | first4 = I. | last5 = Casali | first5 = PG. | last6 = De Alava | first6 = E. | last7 = Dei Tos | first7 = AP. | last8 = Dirksen | first8 = U. | last9 = Duffaud | first9 = F. | title = Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. | journal = Ann Oncol | volume = 23 Suppl 7 | issue = | pages = vii49-55 | month = Oct | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1093/annonc/mds252 | PMID = 22997454 | url = http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/suppl_7/vii49.full }}</ref>
*[[Succinate dehydrogenase|SDH]] mutation associated (SDHB, SDHC and SDHD).<ref name=pmid24523625>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lefebvre | first1 = M. | last2 = Foulkes | first2 = WD. | title = Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma syndromes: genetics and management update. | journal = Curr Oncol | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = e8-e17 | month = Feb | year = 2014 | doi = 10.3747/co.21.1579 | PMID = 24523625 }}</ref>
*[[Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome]].<ref name=pmid39705504>{{cite journal |authors=Orrego JJ, Chorny JA |title=Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), pheochromocytoma (PCC)/paraganglioma (PGL) and germline fumarate hydratase (FH) variants |journal=Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep |volume=2024 |issue=4 |pages= |date=October 2024 |pmid=39705504 |pmc=11737469 |doi=10.1530/EDM-24-0073 |url=}}</ref><ref name=pmid36773955>{{cite journal |authors=Zavoshi S, Lu E, Boutros PC, Zhang L, Harari A, Hatchell KE, Nielsen SM, Esplin ED, Ouyang K, Nykamp K, Wilde B, Christofk H, Shuch B |title=Fumarate Hydratase Variants and Their Association With Paraganglioma/Pheochromocytoma |journal=Urology |volume=176 |issue= |pages=106–114 |date=June 2023 |pmid=36773955 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2022.11.053 |url=}}</ref>

Other associations - not proven to be genetic:
*[[Carney triad]].

===Clinical===
*10% bilateral, multiple, familial, pediatric and malignant.<ref name=Ref_EP327>{{Ref EP|327}}</ref>
**''Not'' quite true... more than 10% are familial - see ''[[pheochromocytoma]]'' article.

==Gross==
*Dusky colour.

Note:
*''Pheo'' (in [[pheochromocytoma]]) is ''dusky''; ''chromo'' is ''colour''.

Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mediastinal_paraganglioma.jpg Mediastinal paraganglioma (WC/AFIP)].

==Microscopic==
Features:<ref>{{Ref EP|329-332}}</ref>
*Zellballen - nests of cells - '''key low power feature'''.
**Zellballen is "cell balls" in German.
*Fibrovascular septae and sustentacular cells (structural support cell).
*Finely granular cytoplasm (salt-and-pepper nuclei).
*+/-Hemorrhage - very common.

DDx:
*[[Neuroendocrine tumour]] - nests surrounded by stroma/do not touch.
*[[Pheochromocytoma]] - paraganglioma of the [[adrenal gland]].
*[[Gangliocytic paraganglioma]] - has schwannian component and ganglion cells, usu. [[duodenum]].

===Images===
Carotid body tumour:
<gallery>
Image:Carotid_body_tumour_2_intermed_mag.jpg | Paraganglioma - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Carotid_body_tumour_2_high_mag.jpg | Paraganglioma - high mag. (WC)
Image:Neck Paraganglioma HP CTR (2).jpg|Neck - Paraganglioma - nice Zeballen (SKB)
Image:Neck Paraganglioma CarotidBody MP PA.JPG|Neck Paraganglioma - Carotid Body Tumor (SKB)
Image:Neck Paraganglioma CarotidBody HP PA.JPG|Neck - Paraganglioma - Carotid Body Tumor (SKB)
</gallery>
Duodenal paraganglioma - uncommon location:
<gallery>
Image:Paraganglioma_-_low_mag.jpg | Paraganglioma - low mag. (WC)
Image:Paraganglioma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Paraganglioma - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Paraganglioma_-_chromo_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Paraganglioma - chromogranin A - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Paraganglioma_-_s100_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Paraganglioma - S100 - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
Retroperitoneal paraganglioma
<gallery>
Image:Retroperitoneum Paraganglioma 2 MP PA.JPG|Retroperitoneum - Paraganglioma - Prominent vascular component (SKB)
Image:Retroperitoneum Paraganglioma 2 HP PA.JPG|Retroperitoneum - Paraganglioma (SKB)
Image:Retroperitoneum Paraganglioma HP PA.JPG|Retroperitoneum - Paraganglioma - florid atypia (SKB)
Image:Retroperitoneum Paraganglioma MP CTR.jpg|Retroperitoneum - Paraganglioma - large nests (SKB)
</gallery>
Ear paraganglioma "Glomus Tympanicum"
<gallery>
Image:Ear Paraganglioma GlomusTympanicumTumor MP PA.JPG|Ear - Paraganglioma - Glomus Tympanicum Tumor (SKB)
Image:Ear Paraganglioma GlomusTympanicumTumor HP 2 PA.JPG|Ear - Paraganglioma - Glomus Tympanicum Tumor (SKB)
</gallery>
Bladder
<gallery>
Image:Bladder Paraganglioma PA DSCN4717.JPG|Bladder - Paraganglioma - Presented as micturation syncope (SKB)
</gallery>
Other:
<gallery>
Image:Pheochromocytoma_high_mag.jpg | Pheochromocytoma - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case523.html Paraganglioma with gangliocytic differentiation - several images (upmc.edu)].

==IHC==
Features:<ref name=Ref_EP335>{{Ref EP|335}}</ref>
*Chromogranin +ve.
*Synaptophysin +ve.
*S100 +ve/-ve (+ve in sustentacular cells, not tumor cells)
*Cytokeratin -ve.
*[[EMA]] -ve.
**+ve in [[renal cell carcinoma|RCC]].
*ATRX normal/loss.
**Loss of staining a poor prognosticator in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma.<ref name=pmid40652840>{{cite journal |authors=Wang LL, Wei XJ, Zhang QC, Li F, Chen GY |title=Analysis of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma |journal=Ann Diagn Pathol |volume=79 |issue= |pages=152525 |date=December 2025 |pmid=40652840 |doi=10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2025.152525 |url=}}</ref>

Testing for heritable tumours:
*SDHB (SDHx alterations).
*FH (loss in HLRCC).
*2SC (positive in HLRCC).
*CAIX (+ve in VHL-related).
*Alpha-inhibin (+ve in VHL-related and SHDx alterations).

==EM==
Features:<ref name=em_stuff>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case408.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case408.html]. Accessed on: 16 January 2012.</ref>
*Neurosecretory granules.
**Electron dense core.
**Typically perinuclear location.

Image:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case408/images/fig14.jpg Neurosecretory granules (upmc.edu)].<ref name=em_stuff>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case408.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case408.html]. Accessed on: 16 January 2012.</ref>

==Sign out==
<pre>
SOFT TISSUE, LEFT/RIGHT CAROTID BODY, EXCISION:
- PARAGANGLIOMA (SIZE IN CM).
- NEGATIVE RESECTION MARGIN.
</pre>

==See also==
*[[Adrenal gland]].
*[[Head and neck pathology]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Weird stuff]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]

Bladder cancer staging

2025-11-11T16:04:46Z

Michael: /* TNM staging system */

[[Image:Diagram showing the T stages of bladder cancer CRUK 372.svg|thumb|right|180px|Schematic showing the T stages in bladder cancer. (WC/CRUK)]]
The article deals with '''bladder cancer staging'''. A general discussion about staging is found in ''[[cancer staging]]''.

==General==
*TNM staging the most commonly used.
*[[Urachal carcinoma]] has its own staging system - see ''[[Sheldon staging system]]''.<ref name=pmid22901574>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bruins | first1 = HM. | last2 = Visser | first2 = O. | last3 = Ploeg | first3 = M. | last4 = Hulsbergen-van de Kaa | first4 = CA. | last5 = Kiemeney | first5 = LA. | last6 = Witjes | first6 = JA. | title = The clinical epidemiology of urachal carcinoma: results of a large, population based study. | journal = J Urol | volume = 188 | issue = 4 | pages = 1102-7 | month = Oct | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2012.06.020 | PMID = 22901574 }}</ref>

==TNM staging system==
===Tumour===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! T stage
! Criteria
|-
| Ta
| non-invasive papillary carcinoma
|-
| Tis
| [[urothelial carcinoma in situ|carcinoma in situ]]
|-
| T1
| lamina propria invasion
|-
| T2
| muscularis propria invasion
|-
| T3a
| microscopic extravesicular invasion
|-
| T3b
| macroscopic extravesicular invasion
|-
| T4a
| extension into the uterus, vagina or prostate
|-
| T4b
| extension into the abdominal wall or pelvic wall
|}

Notes:
*The most important distinction is between T1 and T2. This is dealt with in the ''[[muscularis propria invasion in the urinary bladder]]'' article.
**T2 is typically managed with a [[radical cystectomy]] or [[radical cystoprostatectomy]].
*Upstaging based on cystectomy/cytoprostatectomy pathology common - range 20-80%.<ref name=pmid22321341>{{Cite journal | last1 = Turker | first1 = P. | last2 = Bostrom | first2 = PJ. | last3 = Wroclawski | first3 = ML. | last4 = van Rhijn | first4 = B. | last5 = Kortekangas | first5 = H. | last6 = Kuk | first6 = C. | last7 = Mirtti | first7 = T. | last8 = Fleshner | first8 = NE. | last9 = Jewett | first9 = MA. | title = Upstaging of urothelial cancer at the time of radical cystectomy: factors associated with upstaging and its effect on outcome. | journal = BJU Int | volume = 110 | issue = 6 | pages = 804-11 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.10939.x | PMID = 22321341 }}</ref>
*Not all fat is perivesicular. Fat within the bladder wall (submucosa) is well-described.<ref name=pmid19820494>{{cite journal |authors=Thickman D |title=Fat within the wall of the urinary bladder: computed tomographic appearance |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=695–7 |date=2009 |pmid=19820494 |doi=10.1097/RCT.0b013e31818d8de6 |url=}}</ref><ref name=pmid23142003>{{cite journal |authors=Kriegshauser JS, Conley CR, Hentz JG |title=Bladder wall fat on computed tomography with pathologic correlation |journal=Clin Imaging |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=509–13 |date=2013 |pmid=23142003 |doi=10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.10.001 |url=}}</ref>

===Nodes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! N stage
! Criteria
|-
| N1
| one regional [[lymph node metastasis]]
|-
| N2
| more than one regional lymph node metastasis
|-
| N3
| metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes
|}

==See also==
*[[Urothelium]].

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/stages-and-grades Bladder cancer staging (cancer.net)].

[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]]
[[Category:Cancer staging]]