Liver metastasis

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Liver metastasis
Diagnosis in short

Metastatic adenocarcinoma. H&E stain.

Synonyms hepatic metastasis

LM lack of identifiable bile, usually not cirrhotic, variable morphology - commonly adenocarcinoma
Subtypes commonly colorectal carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma
LM DDx primary liver lesions (cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (esp. pseudoglandular), epithelioid hemangioendothelioma)
IHC HepPar-1 -ve, CK20 +ve (colorectal carcinoma)
Site liver - see liver neoplasms

Clinical history +/-history of colorectal carcinoma
Radiology hypoattenuating nodule on CT, hypodense lesions in venous phase on CT with contrast
Prognosis dependent on stage and primary site, usually poor
Clin. DDx hepatic abscess
Treatment liver resection if isolated and feasible

A liver metastasis is a malignant metastatic neoplasm in the liver that arose elsewhere. Liver metastases are more common than primary liver neoplasms.

It is also known as metastatic liver disease and hepatic metastasis.

Metastatic disease in general is dealt with in the metastasis article.

General

  • Metastases are very common - often from the gastrointestinal tract, e.g. colorectal cancer.
    • Most liver masses in are not biopsied... as a primary lesion is evident.[1]
  • Dependent on the extent of disease, CRC metastatic to the liver may be curable with a liver resection.
    • Peritoneal disease, i.e. a malignant peritoneal nodule, in the context of liver metastases does poorly, and is considered a contraindication to liver resection.[2]
  • It is important to consider germ cell tumours in the DDx as these may be curable with chemotherapy.
  • Clear cell variant of HCC may be misdiagnosed as metastatic clear cell carcinoma.
  • Interhepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an adenocarcinoma - it may look like a metastatic lesion.


Gross pathology/radiology

Features:

  • Multifocal or solitary.
    • Classically multifocal.

Radiology:

  • Classically hypoattenuating nodule on CT - may be confused with abscess radiologically.[3]
  • Hypodense lesions in venous phase on CT with contrast.[4][5]

Images

Microscopic

Features:

  • Histologic features are dependent on primary and degree of differentiation.

The classic liver metastasis (colorectal carcinoma):

  • Gland forming columnar shaped cells with pseudostratified hyperchromatic cigar-shaped nuclei.

DDx:

Image

IHC

  • Metastases are typically negative for HepPar-1.
    • HepPar-1 (hepatocytes paraffin antibody 1) - labels hepatocellular mitochondria.[7]

A panel:

  • CK7, CK20, TTF-1, CDX2, CA-125.[8]

Note:

  • If a primary is already established by pathology and it isn't breast, and the clinical impression is a metastasis, it isn't necessary to do IHC if the morphology of the lesion in the liver is compatible with the established primary.

Sign out

Adenocarcinoma

Liver Lesion, Core Biopsy:
- ADENOCARCINOMA, POORLY DIFFERENTIATED, see comment.

Comment:
The tumour consists of round cells with round nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli. It is in poorly formed glands.

The tumour stains as follows:
POSITIVE: CK7, CA-125.
NEGATIVE: CK20, CDX2, TTF-1.

The findings are in keeping with a foregut primary (pancreas, stomach, bile ducts, duodenum). 
Clinical and radiological correlation is suggested.

Block letters

LIVER, PORTION OF SEGMENTS 2 AND 3, RESECTION:
- METASTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA.
-- RESECTION MARGIN CLEARANCE 2 MM.
- LIVER STEATOSIS, MILD.

Micro

Metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of pulmonary origin.Metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of pulmonary origin.
Metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of pulmonary origin.Metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of pulmonary origin.
Metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of pulmonary origin.Metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of pulmonary origin.

Metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of pulmonary origin. Tumor presents as a mass (Row 1 Left 40X). Tumor replaces most of a triad; note the residual interlobular bile duct [arrow] (Row 1 Right 200X). Tumor cells mold, show scant cytoplasm, and marked anisonucleosis, larger than ordinary small cell carcinoma (Row 2 Left 400X). Tumor cells are positive for CK7 (Row 2 Right 400X). Tumor cells are positive for TTF1 (Row 3 Left 400X). Tumor cells are positive for CD56 (Row 3 Right 400X).

Metastatic thyroid carcinoma to liverMetastatic thyroid carcinoma to liverMetastatic thyroid carcinoma to liverMetastatic thyroid carcinoma to liverMetastatic thyroid carcinoma to liverMetastatic thyroid carcinoma to liver

Metastatic thyroid carcinoma. A. Carcinoma with open spaces spares part of a normal liver lobule [arrow] (40X). B. A sheet with acini [arrows] would indicate only adenocarcinoma (400X). C. A true papilla with vascular spaces [arrows] suggests papillary carcinoma (400X). D. Some spaces show tumor nuclei with inclusions [arrows] (400X). E. Tumor nuclei are TTF1 positive, which can also be seen with lung cancer (IHC 400X). F. Specific thyroglobulin positivity rendered the specific diagnosis known (IHC 400X).


The section show liver parenchyma with an invasive adenocarcinoma. The adenocarcinoma has well formed glands with dirty necrosis. The nuclei are appear crowded and have an ellipsoid shape. Focally, zones of necrosis are present. See background liver.

BACKGROUND LIVER (BASED ON H&E ONLY)
Fibrosis: not identified.
Fibrous septa: absent.
Septa with curved contours: absent.
Large droplet steatosis (% of hepatocytes): mild (20%).
Ballooning of hepatocytes: not identified.
Mallory-Denk bodies: not identified.
Portal inflammation: present, mild.
Interface activity: not identified.
Lobular necroinflammation: not identified.
Ducts: present in normal numbers.
Duct injury: not identified.
Ductular reaction: not identified.
Cholestasis: present peritumoural, otherwise absent.
Terminal hepatic venules: present.
Ground glass cells with routine stains: not identified.

Melanoma

Liver Lesion, Core Biopsy:
- METASTATIC MALIGNANT MELANOMA, see comment.

Comment:
The tumour stains as follows:
POSITIVE: S-100, HMB-45, Melan A.
NEGATIVE: CK7, CK20, TTF-1.

The tumour consists of round cells with round-to-ellipsoid nuclei, 
inconspicuous nucleoli and a moderate quantity of grey cytoplasm. 
Nuclear pseudoinclusions are present.

See also

References

  1. OA. 29 November 2009.
  2. Elias, D.; Rougier, P.; Mankarios, H.; Fahrat, F.; Lasser, P. (Mar 1993). "[Resectable liver metastases and synchronous extra-hepatic sites of colorectal origin. Surgical indications].". Presse Med 22 (11): 515-20. PMID 8511077.
  3. Yoon, KH.; Yun, KJ.; Lee, JM.; Kim, CG.. "Solitary necrotic nodules of the liver mimicking hepatic metastasis: report of two cases.". Korean J Radiol 1 (3): 165-8. doi:10.3348/kjr.2000.1.3.165. PMID 11752949.
  4. URL: http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p446f010d8f420/liver-masses-i-characterization.html. Accessed on: 4 August 2016.
  5. Kanematsu, M.; Kondo, H.; Goshima, S.; Kato, H.; Tsuge, U.; Hirose, Y.; Kim, MJ.; Moriyama, N. (May 2006). "Imaging liver metastases: review and update.". Eur J Radiol 58 (2): 217-28. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.11.041. PMID 16406434.
  6. Kondo, Y.; Nakajima, T. (Sep 1987). "Pseudoglandular hepatocellular carcinoma. A morphogenetic study.". Cancer 60 (5): 1032-7. PMID 2440554.
  7. The diagnostic value of hepatocyte paraffin antibody 1 in differentiating hepatocellular neoplasms from nonhepatic tumors: a review. Lamps LW, Folpe AL. Adv Anat Pathol. 2003 Jan;10(1):39-43. Review. PMID 12502967.
  8. Dennis, JL.; Hvidsten, TR.; Wit, EC.; Komorowski, J.; Bell, AK.; Downie, I.; Mooney, J.; Verbeke, C. et al. (May 2005). "Markers of adenocarcinoma characteristic of the site of origin: development of a diagnostic algorithm.". Clin Cancer Res 11 (10): 3766-72. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2236. PMID 15897574.

Further reading