Adrenal gland

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Adrenal gland is a little organ that hangs-out above the kidney. Pathologists rarely see it. It uncommonly is affected by tumours.

Anatomy & histology

Histology

Composed for cortex and medulla.

  • Cortex has three layers - Mnemonic: GFR (from superficial to deep):
    • Zona glomerulosa - salt (e.g. aldosterone)
      • eosinophilic cytoplasm???
      • Normally discontinuous layer.
    • Zona fasciculata - sugar (e.g. cortisol)
      • Clear cytoplasm - key feature.
      • Largest part of the cortex ~ 70%.
      • Cells in cords/nests???
    • Zona reticularis - steroid (e.g. dehydroepiandrosterone).
      • Marked eosinophilia of cytoplasm - key feature.
      • Granular/reticular cytoplasm.
  • Medulla - produces NED: norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine.

Clinical

Patients getting a bilat. adrenalectomy get pre-treatment with steroids.[1]

Adrenal insuff. may be immediately post-op.[2]

Benign

  • Spironolactone bodies.[3]
    • Location: zona glomerulosa (where aldosterone is produced).
    • Appearance: eosinophilic spherical laminated whorls.
    • Etiology: long-term use of spironolactone.

Adenomas

Radiology[4]

  • Radiologists are good at identifying adenomas, as they are usually lipid rich and have a characteristic low HU signal.

Treatment is excision if...[5][6]

  • Lesions >30 mm.
  • Hormonally active.
  • Non-incidental finding. (???)

Hyperplasia vs. adenoma

  • Hyperplasia is multifocal.[7]


Neoplasms

Benign neoplasms

Adrenal cortical adenoma

Epidemiology

  • Often an incidental finding.

Pathologic/clinical:

  • May be hormonally active.

Histology

Classic features:

  • Well-defined cell borders.
  • Clear cytoplasm.
  • May have foci of necrosis/degeneration and nuclear atypia.

In aldosterone producing tumours:

  • May extend outside of the capsule (should not be diagnosed as adrenal cortical carcinoma.
  • No atrophy of non-hyperplastic cortex.

In cortisol producing tumours:

  • Atrophy of the non-hyperplastic cortex (due to feedback inhibition from the pituitary gland).

Pheochromocytoma

General

Clinical

  • Paroxysms (i.e. episodic) tachycardia, headache, anxiety.

Epidemiology

  • Tumour arises from medulla
  • Literally means "dusky" (pheo) "colour" (chromo) - dull appearance on gross

Histology

Features:

  • Architecture:
    • Cell nests, auf deutsch: Zellballen (literally Cell balls).
      • Useful for differentiating from ACC.
  • Nuclei.
    • +/-Pleomorphism.
    • Nucleoli may be prominent (not signif. prognostically).
  • Cellular morphology.
    • Polygonal cells.
  • Cytoplasm.
    • Basophilic, granular.
  • Other.
    • Haemorrhagic.

Ganglioneuroma

Microscopic

Features:

  • Ganglion cells - key feature.
    • Large cells with large nucleus.
      • Prominent nucleolus.
  • Disordered fibrinous material.

Myelolipoma

Adenomatoid tumour

See: Adenomatoid tumours (uterine tumours).

Malignant neoplasms

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC)

Epidemiology:

  • Prognosis sucks.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Very pleomorphic nuclei.
  • High mitotic rate.
  • Atypical mitoses.
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm.

Malignant pheochromoctyoma

  • Like the description in benign neoplasms.
  • Differentiated from benign pheochromocytoma by mets - often aided by radiologic report.
  • Features useful for differentiating benign from malignant:[9]
    • Marked nuclear atypia.
    • Invasion:
      • Capsular.
      • Vascular.
    • Necrosis.
    • Cellular monotony.
    • Mitoses:
      • Rate.
      • Atypical mitosis.

Neuroblastoma

Epidemiology

  • Usually paediatric population.

Microscopic

Features:

See also

References

  1. URL: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119909358/PDFSTART. Accessed on: 21 August 2010.
  2. URL: http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/62/5/1516. Accessed on: 21 August 2010.
  3. Kovacs K, Horvath E, Singer W (December 1973). "Fine structure and morphogenesis of spironolactone bodies in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal cortex". J. Clin. Pathol. 26 (12): 949-57. PMC 477936. PMID 4131694. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4131694.
  4. URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/376240-overview.
  5. Luton, JP.; Martinez, M.; Coste, J.; Bertherat, J. (Jul 2000). "Outcome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma selected for surgery: an analysis of 88 cases investigated in a single clinical center.". Eur J Endocrinol 143 (1): 111-7. PMID 10870039.
  6. Liu, XK.; Liu, XJ.; Dong, X.; Kong, CZ. (Jun 2008). "[Clinical research about treatment for adrenal incidentalomas]". Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 46 (11): 832-4. PMID 19035218.
  7. IAV. 18 February 2009.
  8. Thompson, Lester D. R. (2006). Endocrine Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 327. ISBN 978-0443066856.
  9. Thompson, Lester D. R. (2006). Endocrine Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 259. ISBN 978-0443066856.