Difference between revisions of "Metastases"

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'''Metastases''' are usually an ominous finding.  They are not always obvious when in encounter; thus, they should be considered with every diagnosis of a [[cancer|malignant tumour]].
[[Image:Metastatic adenocarcinoma - cerebellum - intermed mag.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A [[brain metastasis]]. [[H&E stain]].]]
'''Metastases''' are tumours that have spread from elsewhere and are separate from the initial (primary) lesion; usually, they are an ominous finding.   
 
Metastases are not always obvious when encountered; thus, ''metastasis'' should be considered with every diagnosis of a [[cancer|malignant tumour]].
 
Seen from pathology, ''metastatic disease'' and ''direct extension of a tumour'' (on a biopsy) may be indistinguishable. Collectively, they may also be referred to as '''secondary tumours'''.


'''''[[Cancers of unknown primary]]''''' are dealt with in the ''[[cancer]]'' article. A general approach to undifferentiated tumours is given in the ''[[basics]]'' article under the heading '''''[[modified general morphologic DDx of malignancy]]'''''.
'''''[[Cancers of unknown primary]]''''' are dealt with in the ''[[cancer]]'' article. A general approach to undifferentiated tumours is given in the ''[[basics]]'' article under the heading '''''[[modified general morphologic DDx of malignancy]]'''''.
[[Lymph node]] metastases are dealt with in the article ''[[lymph node metastases]]''.
A handful of things have metastatic-like behaviour but are not malignant. Examples of benign things with metastatic-like behaviour are: benign metastasizing leiomyoma,<ref name=pmid15099894>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pitts | first1 = S. | last2 = Oberstein | first2 = EM. | last3 = Glassberg | first3 = MK. | title = Benign metastasizing leiomyoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis: sex-specific diseases? | journal = Clin Chest Med | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 343-60 | month = Jun | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccm.2004.01.014 | PMID = 15099894 }}</ref> [[endometriosis]], [[endosalpingiosis]] and [[Nodal nevus|benign nevus cells (in lymph nodes)]].<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cook | first1 = MG. | title = Benign melanocytic lesions mimicking melanomas. | journal = Pathology | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 414-8 | month = Oct | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1080/00313020412331283842 | PMID = 15370110 }}</ref>


=Special types=
=Special types=
==In-transit metastasis==
==In-transit metastasis==
Definition - the separate tumour nodule must be:<ref>URL: [http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=634128 http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=634128]. Accessed on: 28 March 2012.</ref>
{{Main|In-transit metastasis}}
#>2 cm from the primary tumour.
{{Main|Tumour deposits}}
#Arises between the nearest (regional) [[lymph node]]s and the primary tumour.
*It is called "in-transit", as it happens while the tumour is on the way to the regional lymph node.
#*The tumour presumably arises from a lymphatic that drains the tissue in which the primary tumour grew.
*If a separate tumour nodule is close to the primary tumour, it is known as ''[[satellitosis]]''.


Notes:
Note:
*It is called "in-tranist", as it happens while the tumour is on the way to the regional lymph node.
*The definitions vary based on the primary site.
*''In-transit metastases'' are seen in [[malignant melanoma]], [[merkel cell carcinoma]].
**The general definition (see the ''[[in-transit metastasis]]'' article) applies to [[dermatopathology]].
*If a separate tumour nodule <= 2 cm from the primary tumour, it is known as ''satellitosis''.
**In the [[colon]] and [[rectum]], they are generally known as ''[[tumour deposits]]'', ''discoutinuous extramural extension'' and ''peritumoral deposits''.<ref name=pmid19136930>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Puppa | first1 = G. | last2 = Ueno | first2 = H. | last3 = Kayahara | first3 = M. | last4 = Capelli | first4 = P. | last5 = Canzonieri | first5 = V. | last6 = Colombari | first6 = R. | last7 = Maisonneuve | first7 = P. | last8 = Pelosi | first8 = G. | title = Tumor deposits are encountered in advanced colorectal cancer and other adenocarcinomas: an expanded classification with implications for colorectal cancer staging system including a unifying concept of in-transit metastases. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 410-5 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2008.198 | PMID = 19136930 }}</ref>


=Specific sites=
=Specific sites=
===Internal organs===
===Internal organs===
*[[Liver metastasis]].
{{Main|Liver metastasis}}
{{Main|Lung metastasis}}
{{Main|Kidney metastasis}}


===Lymph node===
===Lymph node===
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===Other===
===Other===
*[[Peritoneal metastasis]].
{{Main|Peritoneal metastasis}}
{{Main|Testicular metastasis}}
{{Main|Ovarian metastasis}}
{{Main|Urinary bladder metastasis}}


===Brain===
===Brain===
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{{Main|Osteosarcoma}}
{{Main|Osteosarcoma}}
*[[Giant cells]].
*[[Giant cells]].
=IHC=
*Dependent on (suspected) primary.
Not necessary to do stains/[[immunostain]]s if all of the following are true:
#A primary is already established by pathology.
#The morphology of the lesion is compatible with the established primary.
#The clinical impression is a metastasis.
#The suspected primary is ''not'' [[breast cancer|breast]].
#*ASCO/CAP guidelines state that ''ER and PR (in breast cancer recurrences) should always be re-tested''.<ref name=pmid20586616>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hammond | first1 = ME. | last2 = Hayes | first2 = DF. | last3 = Dowsett | first3 = M. | last4 = Allred | first4 = DC. | last5 = Hagerty | first5 = KL. | last6 = Badve | first6 = S. | last7 = Fitzgibbons | first7 = PL. | last8 = Francis | first8 = G. | last9 = Goldstein | first9 = NS. | title = American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer (unabridged version). | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 134 | issue = 7 | pages = e48-72 | month = Jul | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165-134.7.e48 | PMID = 20586616 }}</ref>


=Sign out=
=Sign out=
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The tumour cells stain as follows:
The tumour cells stain as follows:
POSITIVE: CK7, ER, PR, MAMMOGLOBIN.
POSITIVE: CK7, ER, PR, MAMMAGLOBIN.
NEGATIVE: CK20, TTF-1, CDX2, HER2, GCDFP.
NEGATIVE: CK20, TTF-1, CDX2, HER2, GCDFP.


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====Micro====
====Micro====
=====Probable lung metastasis=====
=====Probable lung metastasis=====
The sections show atypical cohesive cuboidal-to-low columnar cohesive with nuclear pleomorphism. The nuclei are round/ovoid and eccentrically placed in the cell. Moderate size nucleoli are identified.  Mitotic figures are present. Cytoplasm is lightly eosinophilic and vacuoles are seen very focally.
The sections show atypical cohesive cuboidal-to-low columnar cells with moderate nuclear pleomorphism. The nuclei are round/ovoid and eccentrically placed in the cell. Nucleoli of moderate size are identified.  Mitotic figures are present. The cytoplasm is lightly eosinophilic and vacuoles are seen focally.


=See also=
=See also=
*[[Cancer]].
*[[Cancer]].
*[[Basics]].
*[[Basics]].
*[[Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis]].
*[[Lytic metastases]].


=Reference=
=Reference=
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[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Cancer staging]]
Michael
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