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| *Surveillance biopsies should specify the (anatomical) site - so, it possible to find any site of interest on a follow-up colonoscopy.<ref name=pmid16609751>{{Cite journal | last1 = Panaccione | first1 = R. | title = The approach to dysplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. | journal = Can J Gastroenterol | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 251-3 | month = Apr | year = 2006 | doi = | PMID = 16609751 | PMC = 2659899}}</ref> | | *Surveillance biopsies should specify the (anatomical) site - so, it possible to find any site of interest on a follow-up colonoscopy.<ref name=pmid16609751>{{Cite journal | last1 = Panaccione | first1 = R. | title = The approach to dysplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. | journal = Can J Gastroenterol | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 251-3 | month = Apr | year = 2006 | doi = | PMID = 16609751 | PMC = 2659899}}</ref> |
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| ===Biopsies all submitted it all in one bottle=== | | ===Biopsies all submitted in one bottle=== |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| COLON (SITE NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED), BIOPSIES: | | COLON (SITE NOT FURTHER SPECIFIED), BIOPSIES: |
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| ==Ulcerative colitis== | | ==Ulcerative colitis== |
| *Often abbreviated as ''UC''. | | *Often abbreviated as ''UC''. |
| ===General===
| | {{Main|Ulcerative colitis}} |
| *May be associated with ''[[toxic megacolon]]''.
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| Epidemiology:
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| *Associated with ''[[primary sclerosing cholangitis]]''.
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| *[[Appendicitis]] is considered protective against UC.<ref name=pmid19685454>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beaugerie | first1 = L. | last2 = Sokol | first2 = H. | title = Appendicitis, not appendectomy, is protective against ulcerative colitis, both in the general population and first-degree relatives of patients with IBD. | journal = Inflamm Bowel Dis | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Aug | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1002/ibd.21064 | PMID = 19685454 }}</ref><ref name=pmid19273505>{{Cite journal | last1 = Timmer | first1 = A. | last2 = Obermeier | first2 = F. | title = Reduced risk of ulcerative colitis after appendicectomy. | journal = BMJ | volume = 338 | issue = | pages = b225 | month = | year = 2009 | doi = | PMID = 19273505 }}</ref>
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| *[[Smoking]] is protective; the opposite is true for [[Crohn's disease]].<ref name=pmid19273505/>
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| ===Gross===
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| *Conventionally considered to be contiguous, i.e. no "skip lesions", with rectal involvement being most severe.
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| *Dependent on the study one reads... rectal sparing may be seen in 15% of UC patients.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bernstein CN, Shanahan F, Anton PA, Weinstein WM |title=Patchiness of mucosal inflammation in treated ulcerative colitis: a prospective study |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=232-7 |year=1995 |month=September |pmid=7498688 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Microscopic===
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| Features:
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| *Inflammation:
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| **Active:
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| ***Neutrophils:
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| ****Intraepithelial ([[cryptitis]]).†
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| ****Clusters in crypts ([[crypt abscesses]]).
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| ****Erosions.
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| **Chronic:
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| ***Architectural distortion.
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| ***Basal plasmacytosis.
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| ***Foveolar metaplasia.
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| ***Paneth cell metaplasia (distal).
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| **Lack of [[granulomas]].
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| *Mucin depletion - common in UC.<ref name=pmid2318990>{{Cite journal | last1 = McCormick | first1 = DA. | last2 = Horton | first2 = LW. | last3 = Mee | first3 = AS. | title = Mucin depletion in inflammatory bowel disease. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 143-6 | month = Feb | year = 1990 | doi = | PMID = 2318990 }}</ref>
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| Notes:
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| *†Neutrophils are usually numerous in the lamina propria in minimal/mild active inflammation.
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| *No full wall-thickness inflammation.
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| *Epithelial apoptosis correlated with inflammation.<ref name=pmid19958058>{{Cite journal | last1 = Seidelin | first1 = JB. | last2 = Nielsen | first2 = OH. | title = Epithelial apoptosis: cause or consequence of ulcerative colitis? | journal = Scand J Gastroenterol | volume = 44 | issue = 12 | pages = 1429-34 | month = | year = 2009 | doi = 10.3109/00365520903301212 | PMID = 19958058 }}</ref>
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| DDx:
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| *[[Crohn's disease]].
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| *[[Infectious colitis]].
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| *[[Ischemic colitis]].
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| *[[Diversion colitis]].
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| ===Sign out===
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| <pre>
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| SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - MODERATE ACTIVE COLITIS WITH CHRONIC CHANGES, SEE COMMENT.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| COMMENT:
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| No granulomata are identified. The sampled mucosa is diffusely inflamed. Crypt drop-out and
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| architectural distortion are present.
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| The findings are consistent with inflammatory bowel disease; however, an infectious etiology
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| should be considered as a possibility.
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| </pre>
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| <pre>
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| SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - MILD ACTIVE COLITIS, SEE COMMENT.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| COMMENT:
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| No granulomata are identified.
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| </pre>
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| <pre>
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| A. RIGHT COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - MODERATE ACTIVE COLITIS, SEE COMMENT.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| B. LEFT COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - MODERATE-TO-SEVERE CHRONIC ACTIVE COLITIS, SEE COMMENT.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| COMMENT:
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| No granulomata are identified. The mucosa is diffusely inflamed. Architectural distortion
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| is present in the left colon. The findings are consistent with ulcerative colitis;
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| however, an infectious etiology should be considered as a possibility.
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| </pre>
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| <pre>
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| RECTUM, BIOPSY:
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| - MODERATE DIFFUSE CHRONIC ACTIVE PROCTITIS.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| COMMENT:
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| No definite granulomata are identified. Crypt drop-out is present.
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| Within the proper clinical context, these are findings of
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| inflammatory bowel disease.
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| </pre>
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| ====Inactive disease====
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| <pre>
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| SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - CHRONIC COLITIS, SEE COMMENT.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE COLITIS.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| COMMENT:
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| The sections show chronic changes (basal plasmacytosis, marked crypt architectural
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| distortion, crypt branching); however, no active colitis is present. Also, lamina propria
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| neutrophils, which are often easy to identify in an active colitis, are not apparent.
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| Appreciable numbers of lamina propria eosinophils are present and focally intraepithelial.
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| No granulomas are identified. Clinical correlation is required.
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| </pre>
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| ====Surveillance====
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| <pre>
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| A. ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - COLONIC MUCOSA WITHOUT APPARENT PATHOLOGY.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE COLITIS.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| B. TRANSVERSE COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - COLONIC MUCOSA WITHOUT APPARENT PATHOLOGY.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE COLITIS.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| C. DESCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - COLONIC MUCOSA WITHOUT APPARENT PATHOLOGY.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE COLITIS.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| D. SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - COLONIC MUCOSA WITHOUT APPARENT PATHOLOGY.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE COLITIS.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| E. RECTUM, BIOPSY:
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| - RECTAL MUCOSA WITHOUT APPARENT PATHOLOGY.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE PROCTITIS.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| COMMENT:
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| Morphologically benign lymphoid aggregates are found focally. No granulomas are
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| identified. Minimal architectural changes are seen focally.
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| </pre>
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| <pre>
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| A. CECUM, BIOPSY:
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| B. ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| C. COLON, HEPATIC FLEXURE, BIOPSY,
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| D. TRANSVERSE COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| E. COLON, SPLENIC FLEXURE, BIOPSY:
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| F. DESCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| G. SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| H. RECTUM, BIOPSY:
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| - QUIESCENT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| COMMENT:
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| No granulomas are identified. Mild architectural distortion is present. No active
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| inflammation is identified. Scattered mucosal lymphoid nodules with germinal center
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| formation are present.
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| </pre>
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| | |
| ====Granulomas and inflamed crypts - clinically UC====
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| <pre>
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| A. CECUM, BIOPSY:
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| - ACTIVE CECITIS, MILD.
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| - SMALL MUCOSAL GRANULOMAS, SUPERFICIAL, SEE COMMENT.
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| - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
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| ...
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| COMMENT - PART A:
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| The small granulomas are mucosal and near, but not all adjacent to, inflamed crypts; this
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| finding raises the possibility of Crohn's disease. It should be noted that mucosal
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| granulomas may be seen in ulcerative colitis beside inflamed crypts.
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| COMMENT - GENERAL:
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| The inflammation is diffuse and chronic changes are seen throughout. Distal paneth cell
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| metaplasia is present. The diffuse nature of the inflammation would be more in keeping with
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| ulcerative colitis. Clinical correlation is required.
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| </pre>
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| | |
| ====Micro====
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| The sections show focal intraepithelial neutrophils (cryptitis). No crypt abscesses are identified. Granulation tissue is present. There is focal Paneth cell metaplasia and foveolar metaplasia. No granulomata are identified.
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|
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|
| ==Crohn's disease== | | ==Crohn's disease== |
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| #CUTE = Colitis of uncertain type or etiology. | | #CUTE = Colitis of uncertain type or etiology. |
| #*Should be reserved for resection specimens only. | | #*Should be reserved for resection specimens only. |
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| ==Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease== | | ==Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease== |
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| **Generally, pouches are ''not'' used in Crohn's disease. | | **Generally, pouches are ''not'' used in Crohn's disease. |
| *Chronic pouchitis seen in approximately 15% of patients.<ref name=pmid12617884 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Gionchetti | first1 = P. | last2 = Amadini | first2 = C. | last3 = Rizzello | first3 = F. | last4 = Venturi | first4 = A. | last5 = Poggioli | first5 = G. | last6 = Campieri | first6 = M. | title = Diagnosis and treatment of pouchitis. | journal = Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 75-87 | month = Feb | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12617884 }}</ref> | | *Chronic pouchitis seen in approximately 15% of patients.<ref name=pmid12617884 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Gionchetti | first1 = P. | last2 = Amadini | first2 = C. | last3 = Rizzello | first3 = F. | last4 = Venturi | first4 = A. | last5 = Poggioli | first5 = G. | last6 = Campieri | first6 = M. | title = Diagnosis and treatment of pouchitis. | journal = Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 75-87 | month = Feb | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12617884 }}</ref> |
| *May be assessed by fecal calprotectin.<ref name=pmid18301296>{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = MW. | last2 = Maestranzi | first2 = S. | last3 = Duffy | first3 = AM. | last4 = Dewar | first4 = DH. | last5 = Forbes | first5 = A. | last6 = Bjarnason | first6 = I. | last7 = Sherwood | first7 = RA. | last8 = Ciclitira | first8 = P. | last9 = Nicholls | first9 = JR. | title = Faecal calprotectin: a noninvasive diagnostic tool and marker of severity in pouchitis. | journal = Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 174-9 | month = Mar | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f1c9a7 | PMID = 18301296 }}</ref> | | *May be assessed by [[fecal calprotectin]].<ref name=pmid18301296>{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = MW. | last2 = Maestranzi | first2 = S. | last3 = Duffy | first3 = AM. | last4 = Dewar | first4 = DH. | last5 = Forbes | first5 = A. | last6 = Bjarnason | first6 = I. | last7 = Sherwood | first7 = RA. | last8 = Ciclitira | first8 = P. | last9 = Nicholls | first9 = JR. | title = Faecal calprotectin: a noninvasive diagnostic tool and marker of severity in pouchitis. | journal = Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 174-9 | month = Mar | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f1c9a7 | PMID = 18301296 }}</ref> |
| *Considered a clinico-pathologic diagnosis.<ref name=pmid20958905>{{Cite journal | last1 = Royston | first1 = DJ. | last2 = Warren | first2 = BF. | title = Are we reporting ileal pouch biopsies correctly? | journal = Colorectal Dis | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 1285-9 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02452.x | PMID = 20958905 }}</ref><ref name=pmid12617884 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Gionchetti | first1 = P. | last2 = Amadini | first2 = C. | last3 = Rizzello | first3 = F. | last4 = Venturi | first4 = A. | last5 = Poggioli | first5 = G. | last6 = Campieri | first6 = M. | title = Diagnosis and treatment of pouchitis. | journal = Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 75-87 | month = Feb | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12617884 }}</ref> | | *Considered a clinico-pathologic diagnosis.<ref name=pmid20958905>{{Cite journal | last1 = Royston | first1 = DJ. | last2 = Warren | first2 = BF. | title = Are we reporting ileal pouch biopsies correctly? | journal = Colorectal Dis | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 1285-9 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02452.x | PMID = 20958905 }}</ref><ref name=pmid12617884 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Gionchetti | first1 = P. | last2 = Amadini | first2 = C. | last3 = Rizzello | first3 = F. | last4 = Venturi | first4 = A. | last5 = Poggioli | first5 = G. | last6 = Campieri | first6 = M. | title = Diagnosis and treatment of pouchitis. | journal = Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 75-87 | month = Feb | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12617884 }}</ref> |
| ===Microscopic=== | | ===Microscopic=== |