Difference between revisions of "Trophoblast"

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Trophoblast (view source)

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→‎Syncytiotrophoblasts
 
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===Basic histology===
===Basic histology===
*Outer layer of villus / closer to mother : syncytiotrophoblasts.
*Syncytiotrophoblasts: outer layer of villus / closer to mother.
*Inner layer of villus / closer to fetus : cytotrophoblasts.
*Cytotrophoblasts: inner layer of villus / closer to fetus.
*Stroma of villi has macrophages ([[AKA]] ''Hofbauer cells'').<ref name=pmid21401637>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tang | first1 = Z. | last2 = Abrahams | first2 = VM. | last3 = Mor | first3 = G. | last4 = Guller | first4 = S. | title = Placental Hofbauer cells and complications of pregnancy. | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 1221 | issue =  | pages = 103-8 | month = Mar | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05932.x | PMID = 21401637 }}</ref>
*Hofbauer cells: cells in the stroma of the villi, abundant bubbly cytoplasm - villus macrophages.<ref name=pmid21401637>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tang | first1 = Z. | last2 = Abrahams | first2 = VM. | last3 = Mor | first3 = G. | last4 = Guller | first4 = S. | title = Placental Hofbauer cells and complications of pregnancy. | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 1221 | issue =  | pages = 103-8 | month = Mar | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05932.x | PMID = 21401637 }}</ref>


Image:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chorionic_villi_-_very_high_mag.jpg Chorionic villi - very high mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
Image: Chorionic villi - low mag.jpg | Chorionic villi - low mag. (WC)
Image: Chorionic villi - intermed mag.jpg | Chorionic villi - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Chorionic villi - high mag.jpg | Chorionic villi - high mag. (WC)
Image: Chorionic villi - very high mag.jpg | Chorionic villi - very high mag. - image has numerous annotations. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://courseweb.edteched.uottawa.ca/medicine-histology/english/reproduction/Placenta/Fig08Placenta.htm Placental villi - histology (uottawa.ca)].


==Chorionic villi 102==
==Chorionic villi 102==
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**Eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm (contains hCG).
**Eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm (contains hCG).
**Closest to mom - covers cytotrophoblast.<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gray37.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gray37.png]</ref>
**Closest to mom - covers cytotrophoblast.<ref>[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gray37.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gray37.png]</ref>
Note:
*Syncytiotrophoblasts arise from cytotrophoblasts.<ref name=pmid24595308>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Díaz | first1 = P. | last2 = Wood | first2 = AM. | last3 = Sibley | first3 = CP. | last4 = Greenwood | first4 = SL. | title = Intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels modulate human placental trophoblast syncytialization. | journal = PLoS One | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = e90961 | month =  | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0090961 | PMID = 24595308 }}</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Seminoma with syncytiotrophoblasts -- low mag.jpg | Syncytiotrophoblasts in seminoma - low mag.
Image: Seminoma with syncytiotrophoblasts -- intermed mag.jpg | Syncytiotrophoblasts in seminoma - intermed. mag.
Image: Seminoma with syncytiotrophoblasts -- high mag.jpg | Syncytiotrophoblasts in seminoma - high mag.
Image: Seminoma with syncytiotrophoblasts -- very high mag.jpg | Syncytiotrophoblasts in seminoma - very high mag.
</gallery>


===Cytotrophoblasts===
===Cytotrophoblasts===
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==Age of villi==
==Age of villi==
===Young villi===
===Young villi===
*Do not have [[blood vessel]]s.
*Few [[blood vessel]]s, central location.
*No syncytial knots.
*Few syncytial knots.


===Old villi===
===Old villi===
*Blood vessels present and at the periphery of villus - contain nucleated (fetal) RBCs.
*Blood vessels present and at the periphery of villi.
*Syncytial knots.
*Syncytial knots.


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| '''Other'''
| '''Other'''
|-
|-
| First trimester
| First trimester (<13 weeks<ref name=pmid22712058>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Haggerty | first1 = CL. | last2 = Seifert | first2 = ME. | last3 = Tang | first3 = G. | last4 = Olsen | first4 = J. | last5 = Bass | first5 = DC. | last6 = Karumanchi | first6 = SA. | last7 = Ness | first7 = RB. | title = Second trimester anti-angiogenic proteins and preeclampsia. | journal = Pregnancy Hypertens | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 158-163 | month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.preghy.2012.01.005 | PMID = 22712058 }}</ref>)
| present
| present
| both can be identified
| both can be identified
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|
|
|-
|-
| Second trimester
| Second trimester (>=13 weeks and <28 weeks<ref name=pmid22146095>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Grewal | first1 = E. | last2 = Kansara | first2 = S. | last3 = Kachhawa | first3 = G. | last4 = Ammini | first4 = AC. | last5 = Kriplani | first5 = A. | last6 = Aggarwal | first6 = N. | last7 = Gupta | first7 = N. | last8 = Khadgawat | first8 = R. | title = Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation by using first-trimester insulin sensitivity indices in Asian Indian subjects. | journal = Metabolism | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 715-20 | month = May | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.10.009 | PMID = 22146095 }}</ref>)
| rare
| rare
| cytotrophoblast difficult to identify; syncytial knots uncommon
| cytotrophoblast difficult to identify; syncytial knots uncommon
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| focal calcifications
| focal calcifications
|}
|}
Notes:
*The villi size is not very helpful in differentiating second and trimester placentas.


=Intermediate trophoblast=
=Intermediate trophoblast=
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**May be multi-nucleated.
**May be multi-nucleated.


Images:
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Intermediate trophoblast - intermed mag.jpg | IT - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Intermediate trophoblast 2 - intermed mag.jpg | IT - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Intermediate_trophoblast_-_high_mag.jpg | IT - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Intermediate_trophoblast_-_lmwk_-_high_mag.jpg | IT - LMWK - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://pathology2.jhu.edu/trophoblast/introduction.cfm IT - high mag. (jhu.edu)].
*[http://pathology2.jhu.edu/trophoblast/introduction.cfm IT - high mag. (jhu.edu)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intermediate_trophoblast_-_high_mag.jpg IT - high mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intermediate_trophoblast_-_lmwk_-_high_mag.jpg IT - LMWK - high mag. (WC)].


====IHC====
====IHC====
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*beta-hCG -ve.
*beta-hCG -ve.
*Keratin +ve.
*Keratin +ve.
*EMA +ve in 2nd & 3rd trimester.
**[[CK7]] +ve.<ref name=pmid19069710>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Trenkić | first1 = M. | last2 = Basić | first2 = M. | last3 = Milentijević | first3 = M. | last4 = Petrović | first4 = A. | last5 = Zivković | first5 = V. | last6 = Lazarević | first6 = V. | title = Immunohistohemical evidences of pregnancy in uterine curettage tissue by the use of a double immunocytochemical staining technique using cytokeratin 7 and vimentin antibodies. | journal = Vojnosanit Pregl | volume = 65 | issue = 11 | pages = 810-3 | month = Nov | year = 2008 | doi =  | PMID = 19069710 }}
</ref>
*[[EMA]] +ve in 2nd & 3rd trimester.
*CD146 +ve.<ref>URL: [http://www.epitomics.com/diagnostics/product/5618 http://www.epitomics.com/diagnostics/product/5618]. Accessed on: 14 August 2011.</ref>
*CD146 +ve.<ref>URL: [http://www.epitomics.com/diagnostics/product/5618 http://www.epitomics.com/diagnostics/product/5618]. Accessed on: 14 August 2011.</ref>


Michael
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